Abstract
This chapter explores the question of the Jewish ‘honorary Aryans’ by focusing on Ustasha law and ideology in relation to Jews. The Ustasha racial law decrees, including the honorary Aryan paragraph, are examined in detail. The chapter highlights that the exemption of a minority of Jews in the Ustasha state actually highlights the importance of racial thought for the regime — something hitherto ignored or overlooked by historians of the Ustashe — because these Jews were simply ‘exceptions to the rule’ targeted for biological assimilation into the majority Aryan population. The chapter also examines the question of mixed Jewish-Aryan marriages and so-called Mischlinge (half- and quarter Jews) in the Ustasha state.
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Notes
Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration (California: Stanford University Press, 2001), 52–53.
The figures for the population of the NDH and the make-up of nationalities were deduced on the basis of population statistics from 1931; different authors give somewhat different figures. See Jere Jareb, Pola stoljeća hrvatske politike 1895–1945 (Zagreb: Institut za suvremenu povijest, 1995), 87–88, Jelić-Butić, Ustaše i NDH, 106,
Hrvoje Matković, Povijest Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (Zagreb: Naklada Pavičić, 1994), 113, 161 and Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 592.
On Glaise, see Jonathan Gumz, ‘Wehrmacht Perceptions of Mass Violence in Croatia, 1941–1942’, The Historical Journal, 44, No. 4 (2001): 1028.
Eugen Sladović, ‘Ustavni temelji hrvatske države’, Spremnost, 26 April 1942, 2. Also see Matković, Povijest NDH, 67 and Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat, Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941–1945 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1964). 77
Pavelić cited in Aleksandar Seitz, Put do hrvatskog socializma (Zagreb: Hrvatska državna tiskara, 1943), 45.
Vladimir Cicak, ‘Europa u borbi proti boljševizma’, Ustaški godišnjak 1943 (Zagreb: Nakladna knjižara ‘Velebit’, 1942), 213.
Aleksa Djilas, The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution 1919–1953 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 116.
Christopher M. Hutton, Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005), 5–16.
Cited in Mark Mazower, Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe (London: Allen Lane, 2008), 11–12.
Cited in Norman Davies, Europe: A History (London: Pimlico, 1997), 704.
Cited in Stella Alexander, The Triple Myth: A Life of Archbishop Alojzije Stepinac (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 99.
Boris Zarnik, ‘Čovjek’, Hrvatska enciklopedija, Vol. 4 (Zagreb: Naklada hrvatskog izdavalačkog bibliografskog zavoda, 1942), 355.
ibid. Also see Boris Zarnik, ‘Rasa i duševna produktivnost’, Príroda: popularni ilustrovani časopis Hrv. Prirodoslovnog Društva u Zagrebu, XXL, Nos. 5–6 (1931): 129–140.
George L. Mosse, The Fascist Revolution: Toward a General Theory of Fascism (New York: Howard Fertig, 1999), 64.
See Vjekoslav Blaškov, ‘Židovi su kroz cijelu povijest čovječanstva smatrani neprijateljima svakog naroda’, Hrvatski radnik, 30 April 1941 in Ivo and Slavko Goldstein, Holokaust u Zagrebu (Zagreb: Novi liber, 2001), 110.
Danijel Crljen, ‘Načela hrvatskog ustaškog pokreta’ (1942), in Ustaša: dokumenti o ustaškom pokretu, ed. Petar Požar (Zagreb: Zagrebačka stvarnost, 1995). 77
Julije Makanec, Hrvatski vidici: nacionalno-politički eseji (Zagreb: Hrvatska državna tiskara, 1944), 27.
Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 384. Also see Holm Sundhaussen, ‘Der Ustascha-Staat: Anatomie eines Herrschaftssystems’, Österreichische Osthefte, 37 (1995): 522–523.
ibid. For a partial English translation of the Ustasha race laws, see Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (Chicago: Quandrangle Books, 1961), 454.
Milivoj Karamarko, ‘Dinarska rasa i Hrvati: osebujne naše značajke i pozitivni prinos nordijske rase, Spremnost, 22 November 1942, p. 7. Also see Nevenko Bartulin, ‘The Ideal Nordic-Dinaric Racial Type: Racial Anthropology in the Independent State of Croatia’, Review of Croatian History, 5, No. 1 (2009): 203–213.
See, for example, the 1941 article by Ćiro Truhelka in which he argued that the nomadic Vlach ancestors of the Orthodox Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina were ‘the descendants of pre-Aryan, pre-historic Mediterraneans’. See ‘O podrijetlu žiteljstva grčkoistočne yjeroispovijesti u Bosni i Hercegovini’ in Ćiro Truhelka, Studije o podrijetlu: etnološka razmatranja iz Bosne i Hercegovine (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1941), 30. The Croatian anthropologist Franjo Ivaniček stated that, while the Croat population of the NDH was predominantly of Dinaric racial type, including a sizeable minority of blond Dinarics, the Orthodox Serb minority mainly belonged to the dark-skinned Near Eastern race. See Franjo Ivaniček, ‘Beiträge zur Anthropologie und Rassengeschichte der Kroaten (Eine Untersuchung an Schülern aus Gau Hum.)’, Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie, 41, No. 1 (1944): 177–192.
Mark Biondich, ‘Religion and Nation in Wartime Croatia: Reflections on the Ustaša Policy of Forced Religious Conversions, 1941–1942’, Slavonic and East European Review, 83, No. 1 (2005): 71–115.
Zarnik, ‘Rasa i duševna produktivnost’, 134. Also see Boris Zarnik, ‘O rasnom sastavu evropskog pučanstva’, Hrvatsko kolo, VIII (1927): 79.
See Esther Gitman, When Courage Prevailed: The Rescue and Survival of Jews in the Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945 (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2011), 67 and Goldstein, Holokaust u Zagrebu, 137
Višeslav Aralica, ‘Matica hrvatska u političkom životu Hrvatske 1935–1945’, Časopis za suvremenu povijest, 41, No. 2 (2009): 468–469.
Jere Jareb, ‘Bilješke sa sjednica doglavničkog vijeća 1943–1945 iz ostavštine dra. Lovre Sušića’, Hrvatska revija: jubilarni zborník 1951–1975 (München-Barcelona: Knjižnica Hrvatske revije, 1976), 174.
Esther Gitman, ‘A Question of Judgment: Dr. Alojzije Stepinac and the Jews’, Review of Croatian History, II, No. 1 (2006), 68, 73fn.
Bogdan Krizman, Pavelić između Hitlera i Mussolinija (Zagreb: Globus, 1980), 27
Eugen Dido Kvaternik, Sjećanja i zapažanja 1925–1945: prilozi za hrvatsku povijest (Zagreb: Naklada Starčević, 1995), 269.
Ante Moškov, Pavelićevo doba, Petar Požar ed. (Split: Laus, 1999), 237
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© 2013 Nevenko Bartulin
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Bartulin, N. (2013). Jews and Honorary Aryans in the Croat Racial State. In: Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia. Palgrave Pivot, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137339126_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137339126_4
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