Abstract
This chapter examines the three dominant national ideologies in the interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Yugoslavism, anti-Yugoslavist Croat nationalism and Greater Serbian nationalism. The chapter explores the development of racial theories in Croatia/Yugoslavia and its importance to all three ideologies, and how the Jews fitted into these theories. A larger section is devoted to the Ustasha movement, which derived its political origins from the philo-Semitic Croatian Party of Right, but adopted racial anti-Semitism in the 1930s. An overview of Jewish life in Yugoslavia is also provided in this chapter.
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Notes
Cited in Cathie Carmichael, Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition (London: Routledge, 2002), 11.
Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984), 128.
Srdjan Trifković, ‘The First Yugoslavia and Origins of Croatian Separatism’, East European Quarterly, XXVI, No. 3 (1992): 355.
Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History (London: Papermac, 1996), 169.
ibid, 132–133. Also see Adrian Hastings, Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 125.
Goldstein, ‘Jews in Yugoslavia’, 8 and Branka Magaš, Croatia Through History: The Making of a European State (London: Saqi, 2007), 533–536.
George Schöpflin, Nations, Identity, Power: The New Politics of Europe (London: Hurst & Company, 2000), 330.
Christian Promitzer, ‘The Body of the Other: “Racial Science” and Ethnic Minorities in the Balkans’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas, 5 (München: Slavica Verlag Kovač, 2003), 29–30.
Jovan Cvijić, ‘Studies in Jugoslav Psychology’ (trans. Fanny Foster), The Slavonic and East European Review, 9 (1930–31): 375.
Boris Zarnik, ‘O rasnom sastavu evropskog pučanstva’, Hrvatsko kolo, VIII (1927): 79–80.
ibid, p. 77 For similar views see Boris Zarnik, ‘Rasa i duševna produktivnost’, Priroda: popularni ilustrovaní časopis Hrv. Prirodoslovnog Društva u Zagrebu, XXL, Nos. 5–6 (1931): 134.
Hans F. K. Günther, The Racial Elements of European History, trans. G. C. Wheeler (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1927), 123–126.
Christopher M. Hutton, Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005), 148.
‘Problem hrvatske kulture’ in Filip Lukas, Hrvatska narodna samobitnost, ed. Mirko Mađor (Zagreb: Dom i svijet, 1997), 250–251.
‘Smjernice i elementi u razvoju hrvatskoga naroda’ in Filip Lukas, Hrvatska narodna samobitnost, Mirko Mađor ed. (Zagreb: Dom i svijet, 1997), 174.
Mario Jareb, Ustaško-domobranski pokret od nastanka do travnja 1941. godine (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 2006), 124.
Holm Sundhaussen, ‘Der Ustascha-Staat: Anatomie eines Herrschaftssystems’, Österreichische Osthefte, 37 (1995), 513.
See the short biographies on Jeszensky, Metzger and Singer in Tko je Tko u NDH: Hrvatska 1941.–1945. ed. Darko Stuparić (Zagreb: Minerva, 1997), 172, 268, 359.
Mile Budak, Hrvatski narod u borbi za samostalnu i nezavisnu hrvatsku državu (Youngstown, Ohio: Hrvatsko kolo, 1934), 13.
See the latest edition, Mladen Lorković, Narod i zemlja Hrvata (Split: Marjan tisak, 2005).
The Iranian theory of Croat origins was first presented at the Royal Academy in Zagreb in 1797 by the Croat historian Josip Mikoczy (1734–1800). Mikoczy argued that ‘the Croats, [who are] Slavs by their nationality, originated from the Sarmatians, the descendants of the Medes, and arrived in Dalmatia from Poland around the year 630’. Cited in Mato Marčinko, Mučenička Hrvatska (Zagreb: HKD Sv. Jeronima, 2008), 331, 343.
Amongst the numerous works promoting the Iranian theory, see Stjepan Krizin Sakač, ‘O kavkasko-iranskom podrijetlu Hrvata’, Život, 18, No. 1 (1937): 1–25.
George L. Mosse, The Fascist Revolution: Toward a General Theory of Fascism (New York: Howard Fertig, 1999), 49.
Mile Budak, ‘Nekoliko misii o uređenju slobodne i nezavisne hrvatske države’ (1934), in Bogdan Krizman, Ante Pavelić i ustaše (Zagreb: Globus, 1978) 368.
Ante Moškov, Pavelićevo doba, Petar Požar ed. (Split: Laus, 1999), 206–207
Ivo and Slavko Goldstein, Holokaust u Zagrebu (Zagreb: Novi liber, 2001), 619–621.
Ante Pavelić, Strahote zabluda: komunizam i boljševizam u Rusiji i u svietu (1941; Madrid: Domovina, 1974), 81–82.
Both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels considered the South Slavs of the Habsburg Monarchy to be ‘nothing more than the “ethnic rubbish” of a complicated “thousand-year evolution”’. See Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: 1000 Years of Victory in Defeat (London: Hurst & Company, 2003), 235.
Ivo Guberina, Komunizam i Hrvatstvo (Zagreb: Hrvatska omladinska biblioteka, 1937), 4–8, 12–20.
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© 2013 Nevenko Bartulin
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Bartulin, N. (2013). Yugoslavism, Jews and Ustasha Ideology, 1918–1941. In: Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia. Palgrave Pivot, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137339126_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137339126_3
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