Abstract
The 1967 War had a tremendous influence on the geopolitical and social life of millions of people in the Middle East. Much has been written about the impact of the war on Israeli society and the way in which it was perceived by Arab countries.2 During the war, Israel occupied vast territories, including the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, and when those six fateful days in June were over, the area under Israel’s jurisdiction had tripled.
Wars do breakout sometimes, don’t they?
For us they go with the seasons:
Winter, spring, summer, war.
Hanoch Levin, playwright1
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Notes
See, for example, Tom Segev, 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East (New York: Picador, 2008).
Avi Shlaim and William Roger, The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
Samir A. Mutawi, Jordan in the 1967 War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
For further information about the financial aspects of the Israeli occupation, see Yusif A. Sayigh, ‘Dispossession and Pauperisation: The Palestinian Economy under Occupation’, in George Abed (ed.), The Palestinian Economy: Studies in Development under Prolonged Occupation (New York and London: Routledge, 1987), pp. 259–86.
Tobias Kelly, Law, Violence and Sovereignty among West Bank Palestinians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 56–7.
Quoted in Shiri Lev-Ari, ‘Know the Neighbour’, Ha’aretz, 26 February 2003 (Hebrew).
Avi Raz showed how post-1967 Israel had the opportunity to reach peace with its Arab neighbours through land swaps. According to his findings, though, Israeli diplomacy was ineffective and in the final calculation, the Israeli leadership preferred land over peace. See Avi Raz, The Bride and the Dowry: Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians in the Aftermath of the June 1967 War (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2012).
Yonatan Mendel, ‘Diary: How to Become an Israeli Journalist?’, London Review of Books, 30 (5) (2008), p. 31.
See, for example, Horowitz Dan and Moshe Lissak, Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 225.
Gad Barzilai, Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East (New York: State University of New York Press, 1996), p. 223.
A. R. Luckham, ‘A Comparative Typology of Civil-Military Relations’, Government and Opposition, 6 (1) (1971), pp. 24–5.
Yoram Peri, Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israeli Policy (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 2006).
Amir Bar-Or, ‘The Making of Israel’s Political-Security Culture’, in Gabriel Sheffer and Oren Barak (eds), Militarism and Israeli Society (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2010), pp. 259–79.
The evaluation of ‘low probability’ may have haunted the commanders of the Israeli Military Intelligence during the subsequent 18 days of battles, and most likely did so throughout the rest of their lives. For further reading on this specifically and the 1973 War generally, see Ronen Bergman and Gil Meltser, The Yom Kippur War: A Moment of Truth (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2003), p. 36 (Hebrew).
Walter Boyne, The Two O’Clock War: The 1973 Yom Kippur Conflict and the Airlift that Saved Israel (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2002).
Simon Dunstan, The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007).
Chaim Herzog, The War of Atonement: The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War (London: Greenhill Books, 2003).
Shlomo Nakdimon, A Low Probability for War: The Background and Consequences of the Yom Kippur War (Jerusalem: Revivim, 1982) (Hebrew).
See, for example, Oded Granot, ‘Intelligence Corps’, in IDF and its Corps: Encyclopedia of Army and Security, ed. by Ilan Kfir, Ya akov Erez and Yehouda Schiff (ed.-in-chief) (Tel Aviv: Revivim, 1981), p. 143 (Hebrew).
Ilan Naham, ‘Cultural Mediation: Avraham Sharoni — From Military Intelligence to the Arabic-Hebrew Dictionary’, Pe‘amim, 122–3 (2010), pp. 193–211 (Hebrew).
Nuzhat Katzav, Swallows of Peace: With Arab and Druze Women in Israel (Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Ma ariv, 1998) (Hebrew).
Yehouda Shenhav, The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), p. 3.
The biggest waves of Arab-Jewish immigration to Israel took place in close proximity to the time of the creation of Israel, in the early 1950s, mostly from Iraq, Syria, Yemen and Egypt. However, additional waves, mostly from Morocco, arrived in the early 1960s. In the early 1970s, the Mizrahi community in Israel constituted the majority of the Jewish population in the country. See Uri Ram, The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology and Identity (New York: State University of New York Press, 1995), p. 97.
Shlomo Swirsky, Israel: The Oriental Majority (London: Zed Press, 1989).
For further information about the Ashkenazi/Mizrahi social divide in Israel, the demise of Arab-Jewish identity and for a social analysis of Arab-Jews, see Ella Shohat, ‘Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of its Jewish Victims’, Social Text, 19 (Autumn 1988), pp. 1–35.
Sami Shalom Chetrit, ‘Mizrahi Politics in Israel: Between Integration and Alternative’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 29 (4) (2000), pp. 51–65.
Aziza Khazzoom, ‘The Great Chain of Orientalism: Jewish Identity, Stigma Management, and Ethnic Exclusion in Israel’, American Sociological Review, 68 (3) (2003), pp. 481–510.
Joseph Massad, ‘Zionism’s Internal Others: Israel and the Oriental Jews’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 25 (4) (1996), pp. 53–68.
Amnon Raz Krakotzkin, ‘Exile within Sovereignty: A Critique of the ‘Negation of Exile’ in Israeli Culture’, Theory and Criticism, 4 (Autumn 1993), pp. 23–55 (Hebrew).
Yasir Suleiman, ‘Charting the Nation: Arabic and the Politics of Identity’, Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26 (2006), p. 135.
Yehoud Shenhav, The Arab Jews: Nationalism, Religion, Ethnicity (Tel Aviv: ‘Am ‘Oved, 2003), p. 114.
Yasir Suleiman, A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 167–73.
Bernard Spolsky and Robert Cooper, The Languages of Jerusalem (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
Eliachar’s article titled, ‘Education is Needed to Get to Know our Neighbours’, was published on 1 April 1970, in the Sephardic Movement journal, Ba-Ma‘arakhah. It is quoted in Elie Eliachar, Living with Palestinians (Jerusalem: Va‘ad ‘Edat ha-Sephardim bi-Yerushalayyim, 1975), p. 225 (Hebrew).
Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Ḥezi Brosh, ‘A Sociological Study of Second Language Diffusion: The Obstacles to Arabic Teaching in the Israeli School’, Language Planning and Language Problems, 15 (1) (1991), pp. 1–24.
Henri Tajfel (ed.), Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (London: Academic Press, 1978).
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© 2014 Yonatan Mendel
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Mendel, Y. (2014). Recruiting Arabic for War. In: The Creation of Israeli Arabic. Palgrave Studies in Languages at War. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137337375_4
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