Abstract
Israel is a deeply divided society comprising different ethnic, national, and religious groups. The socioeconomic status of each of these groups is characterized by both diversity and polarization. At one end, at a low socioeconomic status, lie most of the Palestinians, and at the other end lie the Jews, mainly those with Western background, who enjoy a high socioeconomic status that even wealthy Palestinians have not managed to achieve. Palestinian citizens tend to face harsh conditions and discrimination in the public domain, including the labor market. In the labor market, this discrimination (ethnic penalty) is manifested in lower rates of employment participation, higher unemployment rate, limited access to the most prestigious occupations of managerial and professional jobs, and low income relative to the Jewish majority. In this study we focus on the ethnic penalty in wage income, and examine its dynamic from 1997 to 2009.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
English
Amabile, Teresa M., 1993. “Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace,” Human Resource Management Review 3 (3): 185–201.
Asali, Muhammad, 2006. Why Do Arabs Earn Less Than Jews in Israel? Discussion Paper no. 06.03, Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel.
Bassett, Gilbert and Roger Koenker, 1982. “An Empirical Quantile Function for Linear Models with i.i.d. Errors,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 77: 407–415.
Becker, Gary S., 1971. The Economics of Discrimination (2nd edition), Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Blau, Peter Michael and Otis Dudley Duncan, 1967. The American Occupational Structure, New York: Wiley.
Cancio, A. Silvia, T. David Evans, and Jr. David J. Maume, 1996. “Reconsidering the Declining Significance of Race: Racial Differences in Early Career Wages,” American Sociological Review 61: 541–556.
Disney, Richard and Amanda Gosling, 1998. “Does It Pay to Work in the Public Sector?” Fiscal Studies 19 (4): 347–374.
Furnham, Adrian and Michael Argyle, 1998. The Psychology of Money, London: Routledge.
Haberfeld, Yitzchak and Yinon Cohen, 1996. Earning Gaps between Israel’s Native-born Men: Western Jews, Eastern Jews, and Arabs, 1987–1993, Discussion Paper no. 85, Golda Meir Institute for Social and Labour Research.
Halman, Loek and Hans Müller, 2006. “Contemporary Work Values in Africa and Europe,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 47 (2): 117–143.
Heath, Anthony and SinYi Cheung (with Shawna N. Smith) (eds.), 2007. Unequal Chances: Ethnic Minorities in Western Labour Markets, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Heath, Anthony and Dorren McMahon, 1997. “Education and Occupational Attainments: The Impact of Ethnic Origins,” in Education, edited by A. H. Halsey, H. Lauder, P. Brown, and A. S. Wells. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kraus, Vered and Yuval Yonay, 2000. “The Power and Limits of Ethnonationalism: Palestinians and Eastern Jews in Israel, 1974–1991,” British Journal of Sociology 51: 525–551.
Lewin-Epstein, Noah and Moshe Semyonov, 1992. “Local Labour Markets, Ethnic Segregation, and Income Inequality,” Social Forces 70: 1101–1119.
Lewin-Epstein, Noah and Moshe Semyonov, 1993. The Arab Minority in Israel’s Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Lewin-Epstein, Noah and Moshe Semyonov, 1994. “Sheltered Labour Markets, Public Sector Employment, and Socioeconomic Returns to Education of Arabs in Israel,” American Journal of Sociology 100: 622–651.
Li, Yaojun and Anthony Heath, 2008. “Minority Ethnic Men in British Labour Market (1972–2005),” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 28 (5–6): 231–244.
Longhi, Simonetta and Lucinda Platt, 2008. Pay Gaps across Equalities Areas, Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission.
Modood, Tariq, Richard Berthoud, Jane Lakey, James Nazroo, Patten Smith, Satnam Virdee, and Sharon Beishon, 1997. Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage, London: Policy Studies Institute.
Nandi, Alita and Lucinda Platt, 2010. Ethnic Minority Women’s Poverty and Economic WellBeing, Rep. Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research.
Nielsen, Helena S. and Michael Rosholm, 2001. “The Public-Private Sector Wage Gap in Zambia in the 1990s: A Quantile Regression Approach,” Empirical Economics 26: 169–182.
Phalet, Karen and Anthony Heath, 2010. “From Ethnic Boundaries to Ethnic Penalties: Urban Economies and the Turkish Second Generation,” American Behavioral Scientist 53 (12): 1824–1850.
Sa’di, AhmadH. and Noah Lewin-Epstein, 2001. “Minority Labour Force Participation in the Post-Fordist Era: The Case of the Arabs in Israel,” Work Employment & Society 15: 781–802.
Semyonov, Moshe, 1988. “Bi-Ethnic Labour Markets, Mono-Ethnic Labour Markets, and Socioeconomic Inequality,” American Sociological Review 53: 256–266.
Semyonov, Moshe and Yinon Cohen, 1990. “Ethnic Discrimination and the Income of Majority-Group Workers,” American Sociological Review 55: 107–114.
Semyonov, Moshe, Noah Lewin-Epstein, and Iris Brahm, 1999. “Changing Labour Force Participation and Occupational Status: Arab Women in the Israeli Labour Force,” Work, Employment and Society 13: 117–131.
Shavit Yossi, 1992. “Arabs in the Israeli Economy: A Study of the Enclave Hypothesis,” Israel Social Science Research 7: 45–66.
Treiman, D. J., 1970. “Industrialization and Social Stratification,” in Social Stratification: Research and Theory for the 1970s, edited by E. O. Laumann, p. 280. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
Yankelovich, Daniel, Hans Zetterberg, Burkhard Strümpel, Michael Shanks, John Immerwahr, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Tamotsu Sengoku, and Ephraim Yuchtman-Yaar, 1985. The World at Work: An International Report on Jobs, Productivity, and Human Values, New York: Octagon Books.
Hebrew
Ben-David, Dan, Avner Achituv, Noah Lewin-Epstein, and Chaya Shtayer, 2004. Master Plan for Improvement in Employment in Israel, Tel Aviv University.
Handels, Yehoshua and Anita Griffel, 1998. me’afyenèi ovdèi tzavarón kachól beAnafìm nivcherìm [“Characteristics of Blue-collar Workers in Selected Industries”], Tel Aviv: Institute for Socioeconomic Research.
Klinov, Ruth 1999. Tmurót beMivnèh haSchár: Pa’arèi Schár Bèin Anafìm u’betócham, Yisraèl 1970–1997 [“Payments in the Wage Structure: Wage Gaps between Industries and within Them, Israel 1970–1997”], Discussion article no. 4, Institute for Socioeconomic Research, Israel Labour Federation.
Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Amìt Kaplan, and Assáf Levanón, 2002. haLegitimátzya shel ì-shivyón: Ribud chevratì v’Emdót beYáchas leTzèdek haktze’atì [“The Legitimiza-tion of Inequality: Social Stratification and Positions on Allocative Justice”], Discussion Paper no. 2002–4, Pinchas Sapìr Development Center, Tel Aviv University.
Miaari, Sami, Ola Nevuani, and Nabil Khattab, 2011. machlifìm ál haSafsál: haMu’askìm haAravìm beYisraèl [“Subbing on the Bench: The Arab Employed in Israel”], Israel Democracy Institute; Jerusalem.
Soen, Dan, 2008. Echád miKól Chamishá — Arvèi Yisraèl: Chayìm beTachtìt haPi-ramìda [“One in Five — Israel’s Arabs: Living at the Bottom of the Pyramid”], Mifnèh, Nabil [Pivot] May.
Svirsky, Shlomo, Eti Conor-Attias, and Hala Abu Khala, 2010. Tmunát matzáv chevratìt 2010 [“Society Snapshot 2010”], Adva Center; Tel Aviv.
Yaakobi, Erez, Amir Paz-Fox, Moshe Karif, and Irìt Tessel, 2009. Doch Óno -Mudarìm: Maskilìm beMitktzo’ót ichut beChevrá haYisraelìt: Tmunót matzáv mechkarìt veHatza’ót leShinui [“Ono Report — Excluded: Educated Workers in the Professions in Israeli Society: Research Snapshots and Recommendations for Change”], Óno College; Keriat Ono.
Zussman, Noam and Dimitri Romanov 2005. Ósher haAmamìm: Sviyut Retzonám shel Yisraelìm miChayeihèm [“The Peoples’ Happiness: Israelis’ Satisfaction With Their Lives”], Bank of Israel Survey 77: 105–138.
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2013 Nabil Khattab and Sami Miaari
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Miaari, S., Khattab, N. (2013). The Persistent Wage Gaps between Palestinians and Jews in Israel, 1997–2009. In: Khattab, N., Miaari, S. (eds) Palestinians in the Israeli Labor Market. Middle East Today. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137336453_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137336453_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-46348-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-33645-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)