Abstract
What is meant by the term “transition,” besides the obvious passage between the Ming and Qing dynasties? How did China really change during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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Notes
Frederic Wakeman Jr., The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 1125–27.
Adshead, “The Seventeenth Century General Crisis in China,” 279–80; Fernand Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 509–11, 512–14, 524–25.
See also Frederick W. Mote, “The Transformation of Nanking, 1350–1400,” in The City in Late Imperial China, ed. G. William Skinner (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977), esp. 105, 114, 117.
William T. Rowe, Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796–1889 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984), 342;
R Bin Wong, China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997);
Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).
Jinxing Huang, The Price of Having a Sage Emperor: The Assimilation of the Tradition of the Way by the Political Establishment in the Light of the K’ang-hsi Emperor’s Governance (Singapore: Institute of East Asian Philosophies, 1987), 157–58, 164–67;
James M. Polachek, The Inner Opium War (Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, 1992), 29–41;
Benjamin A. Elman, “Social Roles of Literati in Early to Mid-Ch’ing,” in The Cambridge History of China, ed. Willard J. Peterson, vol. 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 369–70, 393–96;
Susan Mann Jones, “Scholasticism and Politics in Late Eighteenth Century China,” Ch’ing-shih wen-ti 3, no. 4 (December 1975): 28–9.
Pei-kai Cheng, Mchael Lestz, and Jonathan D. Spence, eds., The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), 146–49;
Chang Chi-tung, China’s Only Hope: An Appeal (New York: Fleming H. Revel, 1900), 146–49, esp. 43–44, 63–67, 105;
Joseph R Levenson, “The Problem of Monarchial Decay,” Confucian China and Its Modern Fate, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), 110–16;
William Theodore de Bary and Rchard Lufrano, eds., Sources of Chinese Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 274–75.
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© 2013 Harry Miller
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Miller, H. (2013). Epilogue. In: State versus Gentry in Early Qing Dynasty China, 1644–1699. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137334060_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137334060_6
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