Abstract
In the last seven decades since the end of the World War II, we have witnessed the collapse of a number of polities customarily described as dictatorships. Those of us who live in countries dominated by some amalgamation of consumer-oriented capitalism and parliamentary representative governments are accustomed to view the autocratic forms of state sovereignty, often referred to as dictatorships, to be the antonym of political liberalism. Consequently the word ‘dictatorship’ evokes in us the image of something exotic, aberrant and abnormal, an image whose function consists in othering, alienating and exoticizing the types of government that supposedly contradict the principles of our democratic and liberal ones. Too often we feel securely distanced from a particular regime as soon as it is designated as a dictatorship.
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Notes
Jie-Hyun Lim refrains from subsuming the fascist regime of General Franco under the category of the mass dictatorship because it should instead be defined as ‘despotismo moderno’, and did not rely upon the mobilization of the masses through the intervention of the private lives of the masses. Cf. ‘Mapping Mass Dictatorship: Towards a Transnational History of Twentieth-Century Dictatorship’, in Jie-Hyun Lim and Karen Petrone, eds, Gender Politics and Mass Dictatorship: Global Perspectives (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011), p. 18.
John Stuart Mill, Considerations of Representative Government, H. B. Acton ed. (London: Everyman’s Library, 1972), p. 391
Michel Foucault, Sécurité, Territoire, Population, Cours au Collège de France, 1977–1978 (Paris: Gallimad/Seuil, 2004)
For instance, the preface to Gakumon no Susume and Chapter 6 of Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, Fukuzawa Yukichi Zenshû, vol. 4 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1959) (originally published in 1875), vol. 4. 183–212 [English translation by} David A. Dilworth and G. Cameron Hurst, Fukuzawa Yukichi’s ‘An Outline of a Theory of Civilization’ (Tokyo: Sophia University, 1973)
For more detailed discussion on the use of the expression of isshi dôjin and social discrimination in modern Japan, seeFor more detailed discussion on the use of the expression of isshi dôjin and social discrimination in modern Japan, see Hirota Masaki, ‘Kindai nihon shakai no sabetu kôzô’ (The structure of discrimination in modern Japanese society) in Sabetu no shosô, Nihon kindai shisô taikei vol. 22 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1990), pp. 436–516.
Kuno Osamu and Tsurumi Shunsuke, Gendai nihon no shisô (Contemporary Japanese Thought) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1956), pp. 126–129
The use of the photographic picture started in 1874, six years after the Meiji Restoration. In 1891, it became subject to legislation by the Japanese State. In the 1920s, the Hôanden became a universal practice in education in many parts of the Japanese Empire. Among many historical works on this topic, the following stand out: Kôji Taki, Tenno no shôzô (The Portrait of the Emperor) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1988)
Takashi Fujitani, Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996)
Yoshio Yasumaru, Kindai Tennô-zô no keisei (The Formation of the Image of Modern Emperor) (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1992).
Jie-Hyun Lim, ‘Towards a Transnational History of Victimhood Nationalism: On the Trans-Pacific Space’ in The Trans-Pacific Imagination — Rethinking Boundary, Culture and Society, Naoki Sakai and Hyon Joo Yoo eds. (Singapore, New Jersey & London: World Scientific, 2012), pp. 61–74.
Henning Mankell, The Return of the Dancing Master, Laurie Thompson trans. (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), p. 8
For an insightful analysis of the connections among community, common and communion, see Jean-luc Nancy, La Communauté Désoevrée (Paris: Christian Bourois éditeur, 1986)
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© 2013 Naoki Sakai
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Sakai, N. (2013). Postscript. In: Schoenhals, M., Sarsenov, K. (eds) Imagining Mass Dictatorships. Mass Dictatorship in the 20th Century. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137330697_14
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