Abstract
On July 7, 2005, a series of coordinated bombings severely disrupted the London transport system, claiming 56 lives. As Londoners recovered from the terrorist attacks, two facts emerged with increasing clarity. Firstly, the protean and previously unheard of “Secret Organization Group of Al-Qaeda of Jihad Organization in Europe” that claimed responsibility for the bombing of three trains and the Number 26 bus on that July day, had planned and executed the operation to cause maximum panic and loss of life.2 The success of what one Oxford University-based Islamic scholar, Tariq Ramadan, has termed “interventions”3 and what the London Transport Authority, with a not dissimilar euphemism termed a “major incident” on July 7, and the failure of a second “intervention” on July 14, when another series of bomb attacks was foiled, dramatically illustrated the vulnerability of soft targets like mass transit systems to those prepared to countenance mass casualty terrorism.4 These “major incidents” also achieved the saturation media coverage that organizations that have recourse to extremist violence have craved since the Russian Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will) launched their asymmetric revolutionary violence against the Czarist administration at the end of the nineteenth century.5
Colonialism and its followers, the apostate rulers, then started to openly erect crusader centres, societies, and organizations like Masonic Lodges, Lions and Rotary clubs, and foreign schools. They aimed at producing a wasted generation that pursued everything that is Western and produced rulers, ministers, leaders, physicians, engineers, businessmen, politicians, journalists, and information specialists. And Allah’s enemies plotted and planned, and Allah too planned, and the best of planners is Allah [Koran].1
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Notes
According to the Russian anarchist writer Peter Kropotkin, the violent political action “does more propagandizing in a few days than do thousands of pamphlets.” Peter Kropotkin, Paroles d’un Revolté (Paris: Marpon and Flammarion, 1885), p. 286.
Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983)
See Anthony Heath and David Sanders, Ethnic Minority British Electoral Survey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)
See Olivier Roy “EuroIslam: The Jihad Within?” The National Interest, 71 (Spring 2003), pp. 63–74.
Quoted in Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: Norton, 2003), p. 75.
Ibrahim Abu Rabi, “Sayyid Qutb: From Religious Realism to Radical Social Criticism,” Islamic Quarterly, 28 (1984), p. 115.
See Robert Hefner, Civil Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000)
See David Martin Jones and Mike Lawrence Smith, “From Konfrontasi to Disintegrasi: ASEAN and the Rise of Islamism in Southeast Asia,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 25(6) (November–December 2002), pp. 351–352.
See Bhikhu Parekh, “The Cultural Particularity of Liberal Democracy,” in David Held (ed.), Prospects for Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993), pp. 156–175.
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Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970).
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Ibid., p. 67. See also Maajid Nawaz, Radical (London: W.H.Allen, 2012), pp. 114–123.
Francis Fukyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamilton, 1992)
Samuel Huntingdon, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1998).
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Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs McWorld (New York: Ballantine, 1996)
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Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962).
Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994), p. 199.
See particularly Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
See Kemal H. Karpat, The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Faith, State and Community in the Late Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 18.
See Natana J. Delong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: From Revival to Reform to Global Jihad (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004).
See Elie Kedourie, Afghani and Aduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London: Frank Cass, 1966)
Nikki R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal al-Din “al-Afghani” (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1968).
Wael Hallaq, “Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 16(1) (1984), pp. 3–11.
See Shaykh Ibn Taymiyah, Al-’Ubudiyyah: Being a True Slave of Allah (trans. Nasiruddin al-Khattab) (London: Ta-Ha, 1999).
See Nazih N. Ayubi, Political Islam Religion and Politics in the Arab World (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 60–63
Hasan al-Banna’, Five Tracts of Hasan al-Banna’ (trans. Charles Wendell) (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988).
See Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader (Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener, 1996), p. 128.
See Sayyid Qutb, Islam: The Misunderstood Religion (Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, 1967).
For this curious development, see Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: Norton, 2003), pp. 190–195
Barry Cooper, New Political Religions, or An Analysis of Modern Terror (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2004)
Eric Voegelin, Modernity without Restraint: The Political Religions; The New Science of Politics; and Science, Politics and Gnosticism, in Manfred Henningsen (ed.), vol. 5, The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2000).
Johannes J.G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East, with a translation of Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj, al-Faridah al-Gha’ibah (London: Macmillan, 1986).
See Monstasser al-Zayyat, The Road to Al-Qaeda: The Story of Bin Laden’s Right-Hand Man (London: Pluto Press, 2004).
See Ernest Gellner, Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (New York: Routledge, 1992).
See William E. Shepard, Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996), pp. xxxix–xl.
Sayyid Qutb, The Religion of the Future (Kuwait: International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations, 1971), p. 121.
Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals (Hamish Hamilton: London, 1994), p. 31.
David Martin Jones and M.L.R. Smith, “Franchising Terror,” World Today, 57(10) (October 2001), p. 10.
Eric Voegelin, “The Eclipse of Reality,” in Thomas A. Holweck and Paul Caringella (eds), What Is History and Other Late Unpublished Writings. vol. 28 of The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975), p. 112.
Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), p. 167.
See Mohamed Sifaoui, Inside Al-Qaeda: How I Infiltrated the World’s Deadliest Terror Organization (London: Granta, 2003), pp. 129–131.
See M.M. Ashan and A.R. Kidwai, Sacrilege Versus Civility: Muslim Perspectives on the Satanic Verses Affair (Markfield, UK: Islamic Foundation, 1993).
J. Habermas and J. Derrida, “February 15: What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core Europe,” Constellations, 10(3) (2003), p. 289.
See in this context Roger Sandall, The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001).
Michael Collins, The Likes of Us: A Biography of the White Working Class (London: Granta, 2004).
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Jones, D.M., Smith, M.L.R. (2014). The Politics of Homeland Insecurity: The Cybercaliphate and the Unbearable Lightness of Being British. In: Sacred Violence. Rethinking Political Violence series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137328069_3
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