Skip to main content

The Transnationalisation of Older Care in Austria

  • Chapter
The Transformation of Care in European Societies

Abstract

Transnationalisation in social care involves different dimensions: family members providing care across borders, care users travelling across borders for receiving care, and care providers travelling across borders for the delivery of care (Baldassar et al., 2007; Yeates, 2009; Zechner, 2008). The migration of care workers, more specifically workers providing long-term care (LTC), is the focus of this chapter. In this context, transnationalisation refers to both a considerable share of migrant workers in formal settings in nursing homes or in community care but also an increasing number of migrant care workers in private households, often employed in less formal settings. Austria is no exception in the growing transnationalisation of LTC. This chapter aims at exploring this trend, by

  1. (a)

    characterising the transnational dimension of LTC in Austria,

  2. (b)

    studying the determinants of transnationalisation and

  3. (c)

    investigating the implications of transnationalisation for the care regime.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anttonen, A. and Sipilä, J. (1996) ‘European social care services: Is it possible to identify models?’ in Journal of European Social Policy, 6.2: 87–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldassar, L., Vellekoop Baldock, C. and Wilding, R. (2007) Families Caring across Borders. Migration, Ageing and Transnational Caregiving, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, G. and Ă–sterle, A. (2013) ‘Migrant care labour: The commodification and redistribution of care and emotional work’ in Social Policy and Society, 12. 3: 461–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, G. Haidinger, B. and Ă–sterle, A. (2014). ‘Three domains of migrant domestic care work: The interplay of care, employment and migration policies in Austria’ in Anderson, B. and Shutes, I. (eds) Migration and Care Labour: Theory, Policy and Politics, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp: 67–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettio, F. and Plantenga, J. (2004) ‘Comparing care regimes in Europe’ in Feminist Economics, 10. 1: 85–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bettio, F. Simonazzi, A. and Villa, P. (2006) ‘Change in care regimes and female migration: The ‘Care Drain’ in the Mediterranean’ in Journal of European Social Policy, 16.3: 271–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BMASK (2012) Empfehlungen der Reformarbeitsgruppe Pflege zur Verbesserung des Pflegeangebotes, Attraktivierung der Pflegeberufe, Optimierungen und Finanzierung in Ă–sterreich, Wien: BMASK.

    Google Scholar 

  • BMASK (2013) Ă–sterreichischer Pflegevorsorgebericht 2012, Wien: BMASK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchan, J. (2006) ‘Migration of health workers in Europe: Policy problem or policy solution?’ in Dubois, C.A. McKee, M. and Nolte, E. (eds) Human Resources for Health in Europe, Maidenhead: Open University Press, 41–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Roit, B. Le Bihan, B. and Ă–sterle, A. (2015) ‘Cash for care. An international perspective’ in Fernandez, J.-L. and Gori, C. (eds) Long-Term Care Reforms in OECD Countries, Bristol: Policy Press. (forthcoming)

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2007) Health and Long-term Care in the European Union. Report Special Eurobarometer 283, Wave 67.3, Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2012) The 2012 Ageing Report: Economic and Budgetary Projections for the EU-27 Member States (2010–2060). Joint Report Prepared by European Commission (DG ECFIN) and the Economic Policy Committee (AWG), Brussels: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haidinger, B. (2007) ‘She Sweeps for Money! Bedingungen der informellen Beschäftigung von Migrantinnen in österreichischen Privathaushalten’ in Bankosegger, K. and Forster, E.J. (eds) Gender in Motion, Genderdimensionen der Zukunftsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karl-Trummer, U. Novak-Zezula, S. Glatz, A. and Metzler, B. (2010) ‘Zweimal ›Bitte?‹, dann hat die keine Geduld mehr und schimpft sie schon — kulturelle Lernprozesse zur Integration von migrantischen Pflegekräften’ in SWS Rundschau, 50.3: 340–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, D.S. (2003) ‘Push and pull factors in international nurse migration’ in Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35. 2: 107–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, M. (2007) How Welfare States Care. Culture, Gender and Parenting in Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lamura, G., Chiatti, C. DiRosa, M. Melchiorre, M.G. Barbabella, F. Greco, C. Principi, A. and Santini, S. (2010) ‘Migrant workers in the long-term care sector: lessons from Italy’ in Health & Ageing, 22.4: 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, M. (2010) Pflegekräftemigration nach Ă–sterreich, Eine empirische Analyse, Vienna: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeĂ³n, M. (2010) ‘Migration and care work in Spain: The domestic sector Revisited’ in Social Policy & Society, 9. 3: 409–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, H. and Palenga-Möllenbeck, E. (2010) ‘Care work migration in Germany: Semi-Compliance and complicity’ in Social Policy & Society, 9.3: 419–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, D. and Glucksmann, M. (2008) ‘Comparative configurations of care work across Europe’ in Sociology, 42.1: 101–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medien-Servicestelle Neue Ă–sterreicher/innen (2012) Gesundheit: Ăœber 53.000 MigrantInnen beschäftigt, http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2012/06/20/gesundheit-uber-53-000-beschaftigte-mit-migrationshintergrund/, accessed on 7 January 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ă–BIG (2008) Beschäftigte im Alten-und Behindertenbereich 2006, Wien: BMSK.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2008) The Looming Crisis in the Health Workforce: How Can OECD Countries Respond?, Paris: OECD.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ă–sterle, A. (2011) Long-Term Care in Central and South Eastern Europe, Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ă–sterle, A. (2013) ‘Long-term care reform in Austria. Emergence and development of a New Welfare State Pillar’ in Ranci, C. and Pavolini, E. (eds) Reforms in Long-term Care Policies in Europe. Investigating Institutional Change and Social Impacts, New York: Springer, 159–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ă–sterle, A. and Bauer, G. (2010) Migrant Personal Carers in Private Households: Motivations and Perspectives. Paper presented at the 8th Annual ESPAnet Conference, Budapest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ă–sterle, A. and Bauer, G. (2012) ‘Home care in Austria: The interplay of family orientation, cash-for-care and migrant care’ in Health & Social Care in the Community, 20.3: 265–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ă–sterle, A. and Hammer, E. (2007) ‘Care allowances and the formalisation of care arrangements: The Austrian experience’ in Ungerson, C. and Yeandle, S. (eds) Cash for Care Systems in Developed Welfare State, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 32–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ă–sterle, A. and Lenhart, M.B. (2009) ‘MigrĂ¡cia oÅ¡etrovate##skĂ©ho personĂ¡lu zo Slovenska do RakĂºska’ in OÅ¡etrovate##stvo a pĂ´rodnĂ¡ asistencia, 1: 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ă–sterle, A. Hasl, A. and Bauer, G. (2013) ‘Vermittlungsagenturen in der 24-Betreuung’ in WISO, 36.1: 159–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavolini, E. and Ranci, C. (2008) ‘Restructuring the Welfare State: Reforms in long-term care in western European Countries’ in Journal of European Social Policy, 18.3: 246–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranci, C. and Pavolini, E. (eds) (2013) Reforms in Long-term Care Policies in Europe, Investigating Institutional Change and Social Impacts, New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redfoot, D.L. and Houser, A.N. (2008) ‘The international migration of nurses in Long-term care’ in Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 20,.2: 259–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, T. and Prochazkova, L. (2006) ‘Pflege und Betreuung im Spannungsfeld zwischen Nötigem, WĂ¼nschenswertem und Finanzierbarem’ in Soziale Sicherheit, 59.11: 454–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonazzi, A. (2009) ‘Care regimes and national employment models’ in Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33.2: 211–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistik Austria (2009) Arbeits — und Lebenssituation von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Ă–sterreich, Modul der Arbeitskräfteerhebung 2008, Wien: Statistik Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistik Austria (2011) Arbeitskräfteerhebung 2010, Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus, Wien: Statistik Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trummer, U. and Novak-Zezula, S. (2013) ‘Dringend benötigt’ in Das österreichische Gesundheitswesen Ă–KZ, 54.3: 28–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ujvarine, A.S., Zrinyi, M., Toth, H., Zekanyne, I.R., Szogedi, I. and Betlehem, J. (2011) ‘Intent to stay in nursing: Internal and external migration in Hungary’ in Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20. 5–6: 882–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Hooren, F. (2012) ‘Varieties of migrant care work: Comparing patterns of migrant labour in social care’ in Journal of European Social Policy, 22.2: 133–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weicht, B. (2010) ‘Embodying the ideal carer: The Austrian discourse on migrant carers’ in International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 5.2: 17–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, F. (2012) ‘Converging variations in migrant care work in Europe’ in Journal of European Social Policy, 22.4: 363–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WISDOM (2013) Durchschnittlicher Bruttolohn, http://www.wisdom.at/euost/pdf/tab6.pdf, accessed on 7 January 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeates, N. (2009) Globalizing Care Economies and Migrant Workers, Explorations in Global Care Chains, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zechner, M. (2008) ‘Care of Older Persons in Transnational Settings’ in Journal of Ageing Studies, 22.1: 32–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2014 August Österle

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ă–sterle, A. (2014). The Transnationalisation of Older Care in Austria. In: LeĂ³n, M. (eds) The Transformation of Care in European Societies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137326515_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics