Abstract
From the early fifteenth century onward, the westward voyages undertaken by various European nations were aimed at economic expansion. As Vitorino Magalhäes Godinho showed, the fifteenth-century geographic discoveries largely followed the exhaustion of Northern European fishing grounds, which forced the fleets to explore more southern seas.1 The southern routes, in turn, led to the discovery of the Madeira, Azores, and Canary Islands.2 Volcanic eruptions in Greenland and Denmark’s decision to close its canal deprived Europe of supplies just as it was expanding, and when the Church was requiring Catholics to eat fish 166 days a year. During the reign of the Catholic monarchs, Spain largely subsisted on fish. Basque and Cantabrian fishermen caught whale and cod, leaving from the famous “seven ports” of Castile: Santander, Laredo, Castro Urdiales, Vitoria,3 Bermeo, Guetaria, San Sebastian, and Fuenterrabia. The Galician and Andalusian fleets caught smaller fish. But Europeans did not just need fish. They also wanted spices with which to preserve their foods, luxury items to decorate their homes and churches, and slaves who would till the fields and whose services might impress their neighbors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Vitorino Magalhàes Godinho, Os descobrimentos e a economia mundial, 4 vols (Lisbon: Presença, 1984), vol. I, 20ff.
Consuelo Varela, Colon y los florentinos (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1988), chap. 1.
Esteban Mira Caballos, “Caciques guatiaos en los inicios de la colonizacion: El caso del indio Diego Colon”, Iberomericana: America Latina, Espana, Portugal: Ensayos sobre letras, historia y sociedad 16 (2004), 7–16.
Cristobal Colon, Textos y documentos completos: Nuevas cartas, ed. Consuelo Varela and Juan Gil Fernandez (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1992) (hereafter Textos), 109.
Bartolomé de las Casas, Apolqgética historia sumaria (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1992).
Hernando Colon, Historia del Almirante (Madrid: Historia 16, 1991), 294.
Bartolomé de las Casas, Historia de las Indias (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1994)
Juan Gil Fernandez, “Marinos y mercaderes en Indias (1499–1504)”, Anuario de estudios americanos 42 (1985), 297–499
Juan de Cardenas, Problemas y secretos maravillosos de las Indias (Mexico City: Pedro Ocharte, 1591)
Juan de Banios, Verdadera mediana, cirugia y astiologia en très libros divida (Mexico City: Fernando Balli, 1607).
Antonio de Leon Pinelo, Question moral: Si el chocolate quebranta el ayuno eclesi-astico: Tratase de otras bebidas i confecciones que usan en varias provincias (Madrid: Viuda de Juan Gonzales, 1636).
Juan Gil Fernandez, “Las cuentas de Cristobal Colon”, Anuario de estudios americanos 41 (1984), 425–511.
Visitation Lopez del Riego, El Darién y sus perlas: Historia de Vasco Nünez de Balboa (Madrid: Incipit Editores, 2006), 35.
Consuelo Varela, “De sirenas a manaties”, in Kataryna Marciniak, ed., Birthday Beasts Book: Where Human Roads Cross Animal Trails. Cultural Studies in Honour of Jerzy Axer (Warsaw: Artes Libérales, 2011), 443–53.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Consuelo Varela
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Varela, C. (2014). The Difficult Beginnings. In: Aram, B., Yun-Casalilla, B. (eds) Global Goods and the Spanish Empire, 1492–1824. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137324054_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137324054_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45891-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-32405-4
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)