Skip to main content

Part of the book series: The European Union in International Affairs Series ((EUIA))

Abstract

The European expectation of advancing relations with sub-regions in Latin America has followed a variety of models. The main challenge for Latin American regional organizations has been their lack of cohesion in international negotiations, derived from the institutional weaknesses of their integration processes. This chapter explores the evolution of the EU relationship with three sub-regions in the Western Hemisphere, which are emblematic of the complexity of the region-to-region dialogues. Mercosur, characterized by tensions between Brazil and Argentina, has resumed negotiations for an association agreement with the European Union. The Forum of the Caribbean Group of ACP States (CARIFORUM) has been driven first and foremost by the logic of being a mechanism of cooperation and articulation with the European Union based on the Caribbean ACP rather than by the logic of integration. The CAN, one of the oldest experiences of regional integration in South America, has been weakened by internal divisions and declining international strength paving the way to multi-party individual agreements with the European Union.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adrianzén Merino, A. (2014) Convergencia CAN-Mercosur: La hora de las defini-ciones. Ecuador: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardouille, N. C., Isaacs, B., Francis, S. H. A. and Downes-Amsterdam, A. (2013) Handbook for Civil Society on the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). Guyana: Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernal, R. (2008) ‘CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations: Why And How’, Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies 33 (2), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, L. M., Heron, T. and Payne, A. (2013) ‘Caribbean Development Alternatives and the CARIFORUM–European Union Economic Partnership Agreement’, Journal of International Relations and Development 16 (1), 82–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bizzozero Revelez, L. (2006) ‘Negociaciones Mercosur-Unión Europea, articu-lación del espacio Euro-Latinoamericano/Caribeño y gobernanza mundial’, Cuadernos de Integración Europea 1 (5), 5–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bizzozero Revelez, L. (2013) ‘MERCOSUR: agenda de temas y debate de ideas en la segunda década del siglo XXI’, Boletim Meridiano 14 (135), 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouzas, R. (2003) ‘Economic Integration in the Southern Cono: Can MERCOSUR Survive?’. In Margheritis, A. (ed.) Latin American Democracies in the New Global Economy. Miami: North-South Center Press/University of Miami, 63–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briceño-Ruiz, J. (2013) ‘The Andes: A Long Tradition of Thought and Practice about Regional Integration’. In Puntigliano, A. R. and Briceño-Ruiz, J. (eds.) Resilience of Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean: Development and Autonomy. Basingstoke, GB: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck, K. (2010) ‘Current and Future Cooperation under the EU-MERCOSUR Agreement’. In Klemm, B. and Haibin, N. (eds.) China, the EU and Latin America: Current Issues and Future Cooperation. Shanghai: Shanghai Institutes for International Studies and Friedrich Ebert-Stiftung, 115–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busse, M. and Lüehje, S. (2007) ‘Should the Caribbean Countries Sign an Economic Partnership Agreement with the EU?: Challenges and Strategic Options’, Journal of Economic Integration 22 (3), 598–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caballero Santos, S. (2013) ‘Mercosur, the Role of Ideas and a More Comprehensive Regionalism’, Colombia Internacional (78), 127–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CEPAL (2010) Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2009–2010. Santiago, Chile: CEPAL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cienfuegos, M. (2010) ‘Comercio, inversiones y los otros pilares de las relaciones eurosuramericanas: ¿hacia un espacio común de integración?’. In Cienfuegos, M. and Sanahuja, J. A. (eds.) Una Región en Construcción UNASUR y la Integración en América del Sur. Barcelona: Fundació CIDOB, 275–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • DG Trade (2014) Andean Community EU Bilateral Trade and Trade with the World. Brussels: DG Trade. Available: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/november/tradoc_151893.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doctor, M. (2007) ‘Why Bother With Inter-Regionalism? Negotiations for a European Union-Mercosur Agreement’, Journal of Common Market Studies 45 (2), 281–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doctor, M. (2013) ‘Prospects for Deepening Mercosur Integration: Economic Asymmetry and Institutional Deficits’, Review of International Political Economy 20 (3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudek, C. M. (2012) ‘The Shaping of EU-Mercosur Relations: From Altruism to Pragmatism and Liberalism to Illiberalism’, Pittsburgh Papers on the European Union 1 (August), 2–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2007) Andean Community. Regional Strategy Paper 2007– 2013. 12.04.2007 (E/2007/678) Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2012) How the EU is Putting the CARIFORUM-EU EPA into Practice. Brussels, April.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2013) European Union, Trade in Goods with MERCOSUR. Directorate-General for Trade, Brussels, 7 November.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2014) European Union, Trade in Goods with ACP Caribbean Countries. Units A4/G2, Directorate-General for Trade, Brussels, 16 April.

    Google Scholar 

  • European External Action Service (2014) The EU’s Relations with the Caribbean. Available: http://eeas.europa.eu/caribbean/index_en.htm (Accessed 2 July 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament (2013) 2nd Meeting of the CARIFORUM-EU Joint Parliamentary Committee. PE458.932v01–00, Delegation to the Cariforum, Brussels, 3–4 April.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament (2014) An Introduction to the Delegation and Summary of Activities during the 7th Parliamentary Term (2009–2014). DV\103207EN.doc, Delegation for relations with the countries of the Andean Community, Brussels, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freres, C. (2007) ‘Challenges of Forging a Partnership between the European Union and Latin America’. In Mold, A. (ed.) EU Development Policy in a Changing World. Challenges for the 21st Century. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 149–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardini, G. L. (2010) The Origins of MERCOSUR: Democracy and Regionalization in South America. New York: Palgrave.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Mera, L. (2013) Power and Regionalism in Latin America. The Politics of MERCOSUR. Notra Dame: University of Notra Dame.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, C. E. (2012) ‘Regional Integration in the Caribbean: A Sisyphean Odyssey’, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations (Summer/Fall), 103–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzman Laugier, P. (2014) Presentacion en el Cuadragésimo Quinto aniversario de suscripción del Acuerdo de Cartagena. Lima, 23 Mayo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, M. and Doidge, M. (2012) Development policy of the European Union. Houndmills, Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hummel, F. and Lohaus, M. (2012) ‘MERCOSUR: Integration Through Presidents and Paymasters’. In Borzel, T. A., Goltermann, L., Lohaus, M. and Striebinger, K. (eds.) Roads to Regionalism. Genesis, Design and Effects of Regional Organizations. England: Ashgate, 59–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insignares, S. (2008) ‘El Derecho Comunitario Andino. Una Herramienta en la Integración Andina’. In Tremolada Álvarez, E. (ed.) Crisis y Perspectiva Comparada de los Procesos de Integración. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia, 305–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, A. (2005) ‘European Union External Relations with the Andean Community: A Governance Approach’. In Roy, J. and Dominguez, R. (eds.) The European Union and Regional Integration. A Comparative Perspective and Lessons for the Americas. Miami, FL.: European Union Center of Excellence/Jean Monnet Chair, University of Miami., 203–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khadan, J. and Hosein, R. (2012) ‘An Empirical Analysis into CARICOM’s Pattern of Merchandise Trade’, Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies 37 (1), 22–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klonsky, J., Hanson, S. and Lee, B. (2012) ‘Mercosur: South America’s Fractious Trade Bloc’. Backgrounder 31 July. Washington: Council on Foreign Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latimer, A. (2012) ‘States of Sovereignty and Regional Integration in the Andes’, Latin American Perspectives 39 (182), 78–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamud, A. (2005) ‘Mercosur Turns 15: Between Rising Rhetoric and Declining Achievement’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18 (3), 421–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malamud, A. (2008) ‘The Internal Agenda of Mercosur: Interdependence, Leadership and Institutionalization’. In Jaramillo, G. (ed.) Los nuevos enfoques de la integración: más allá del regionalismo. Quito: FLACSO, 115–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meacham, C. (2014) ‘Surprised? We May Finally See an EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement Critical Questions’. Critical Questions 25 April. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • MercoPress (2014a) ‘Brazil Disappointed with Argentina’s “lack of ambition” in Reaching Trade Accord with EU’. MercoPress. South Atlantic New Agency, 21 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • MercoPress (2014b) ‘EU Hopeful the Free Trade accord with Mercosur Will Be Reached Next Year’. MercoPress. South Atlantic New Agency, 19 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed, D. A. and Gibbs, D. (2012) ‘Surviving the Recession: The State of CARICOM Economies’, The IUP Journal of International Relations VI (2), 22–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, A. (2008) ‘The Economic Partnership Agreement between CARIFORUM and the European Union and the Building of a Post-Colonial Economy in the Caribbean’, Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies 33 (2), 24–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pena, C. and Rozemberg, R. (2005) MERCOSUR: A Different Approach to Institutional Development, FPP-05–06. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: FOCAL: Canadian Foundation for the Americas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña, F. (2013) ‘Towards a New Design of South American Integration?’. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series January. Miami, FL: Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, N. (2003) ‘The Rise and Fall of Open Regionalism? Comparative Reflections on Regional Governance in the Southern Cone of Latin America’, Third World Quarterly 14 (2), 217–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirzer, C. (2012) ‘MERCOSUR’s Contribution to Democratic Consolidation’. In Borzel, T. A., Goltermann, L., Lohaus, M. and Striebinger, K. (eds.) Roads to Regionalism. Genesis, Design, and Effects of Regional Organizations. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 59–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prada, F. and Espinoza, A. (2008) ‘Monitoring Regional Integration and Cooperation in the Andean Region’. In De Lombaerde, P., Estevadoerdal, A. and Souminen, K. (eds.) Governing Regional Integration for Development. Monitoring Experiences, Methods and Prospects. Hampshire UK: Ashgate, 11–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riberio Hoffmann, A. (2004) Foreign Policy of the European Union towards Latin American Southern Cone States (1980–2000). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schelhase, M. (2011) ‘The Successes, Failures and Future of MERCOSUR’. In Mace, G., Cooper, A. and Shaw, T. M. (eds.) Inter-American Cooperation at a Crossroads. Great Britain: Palgrave, 171–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. H., Peter Silva, S., Hare, P. and Thompson, K.-A. (2014) Monitoring the Implementation & Results of the CARIFORUM– EU EPA AGREEMENT. EUROPEAID/129783/C/SER/multi, European Union, Brussels, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, P. (2012) ‘The European Union and the Caribbean Region: Situating the Caribbean Overseas Countries and Territories’, European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 93 (October), 79–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomazini, R. (2013) ‘Understanding the Association Agreement between the EU and Mercosur: Its Structure, Course of Negotiations and the Involvement of the Business Sector’. In Apex-Brasil (ed.) MERCOSUR EU Dialogue. Brasilia: Brazilian Trade and Investment Agency, 100–108.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2015 Roberto Dominguez

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dominguez, R. (2015). Regional Partners. In: EU Foreign Policy towards Latin America. The European Union in International Affairs Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137321282_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics