Abstract
There are many kinds of public diplomacy (PD) currently practiced in Europe. Perhaps the most familiar of these is the national level advocacy and cultural promotion work conducted by foreign and cultural ministries. This chapter explores the PD policies of the “big three” in Europe: France, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK). Although the UK is well represented in recent scholarly debates, there are surprisingly few studies of French and German PD in the English language.1 In particular, there are no studies that assume a comparative perspective upon their PD as a whole; research has instead focused on cultural diplomacy and broadcasting.2 My argument here is that comparison of these three countries can reveal important themes and issues in the evolution of PD debates that have not been sufficiently represented in contemporary scholarship.
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Notes
E.g., Oliver Zöllner, “German Public Diplomacy: The Dialogue of Cultures,” in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, ed. Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (London and New York: Routledge, 2009), 262–9;
Robin Brown, “The Four Paradigms of Public Diplomacy: Building a Framework for Comparative Government External Communications Research,” Paper presented at the International Studies Association Convention, San Diego, April 2012;
Rainer Hülsse, “The Catwalk Power: Germany’s New Foreign Image Policy,” Journal of International Relations and Development 12 (2009): 293–316.
See for example Gregory Paschalidis, “Exporting National Culture: Histories of Cultural Institutes Abroad,” International Journal of Cultural Policy 15, no. 3 (August 2009): 275–89;
Oliver Zöllner, “A Quest for Dialogue in International Broadcasting: Germany’s Public Diplomacy Targeting Arab Audiences,” Global Media and Communication 2, no. 2 (August 2006):160–82;
B. W. Silcock, “Global News, National Stories: Producers as Mythmakers at Germany’s Deutsche Welle Television,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 79, no. 2 (2002): 339–52.
E.g., Geoffrey Cowan and Amelia Arsenault, “Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy,” in The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, ed. Geoffrey Cowan and Nicholas J. Cull (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2008), 616; R. S. Zaharna, “Mapping Out a Spectrum of Public Diplomacy Initiatives: Information and Relational Communication Networks,” in Snow and Taylor, Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, 86–100;
Shaun Riordan, “Dialogue-Based Public Diplomacy: A New Foreign Policy Paradigm?,” in The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, ed. Jan Melissen (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 180–95;
Alex Evans and David Steven, “Towards a Theory of Influence for Twenty-First Century Foreign Policy: Public Diplomacy in a Globalised World,” in Engagement: Public Diplomacy in a Globalised World, ed. Joylon Welsh and Daniel Fearn (London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 2008), 44–61.
See for example J. Michael Waller, ed., The Public Diplomacy Reader (Washington: The Institute of World Politics Press, 2007).
République Français, Document de politique transversal projet de loi finances pour action extérieure de l’état [Interdepartmental Policy and Finances for External Action] (Paris: République Français, 2012).
Bernard Kouchner, Days of the French Network in the World (Paris, July 21, 2010). Translation accessed via http://pdnetworks.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/days-of-french-network-in-the-world.pdf
Karl Th. Paschke, Report on the Special Inspection of 14 German Embassies in the Countries of the European Union [“The Paschke Report”] (Berlin: Federal Foreign Office, 2000).
See for example Chris Wilton, Jonathan Griffin, and Andrew Fotheringhain, Changing Perceptions: Review of Public Diplomacy [The Wilton Review] (London: Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 2002), 3, 12;
Lord Carter of Coles, Public Diplomacy Review (London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, December 2005), 8.
Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy; Evans, and Steven, “Towards a Theory of Influence”; Ali Fisher and Aurélie Bröckerhoff, Options for Influence: Global Campaigns of Persuasion in the New Worlds of Public Diplomacy (London: Counterpoint—the Cultural Relations Think-Tank of the British Council 2008);
Jan Melissen, “Beyond the New Public Diplomacy,” Clingendael CDSP, Paper in Diplomacy (The Hague: The Clingendael Institute, October 2011).
James Pamment, New Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century: A Comparative Study of Policy and Practice (Oxon: Routledge, 2013).
Auswärtiges Amt, Auswärtige Kultur- und Bildungspolitik 2010/2011: Bericht der Bundesregierung [Foreign Cultural and Education Policy 2010/2011: Report of the Federal Government] (Berlin: Auswärtiges Amt, 2011); Auswärtiges Amt., personal correspondence.
Hélène Duchêne and Éric Lamouroux, Promoting French Expertise Internationally (Paris: Directorate-General of Global Affairs, Development and Partnerships, French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, 2011), 5.
Jean-Christophe Fleury and Delphine Borione, External Action in the Audiovisual Media (Paris: Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, Directorate General of Global Affairs, Development and Partnerships, 2010), 2–6; République Français, Document de politique, annex 2.
Auswärtiges Amt, Cultural Relations and Education Policy in an Age of Globalization: Gaining Partners, Spreading Values, Representing Interests (Berlin: Auswärtiges Amt, September 2011), 13–14.
British Council, Annual Report 2011/12 (London: British Council, 2012).
BBC World Service, Annual Review 2011–12 (London: BBC, 2012), 3–6; “About BBC World Service”: BBC website.
Auswärtiges Amt, Explaining Europe, Discussing Europe: How the Federal Foreign Office communicates Europe (Berlin: Auswärtiges Amt, February 2012), 14–17; “Directorate-General for Culture and Communication,” Auswärtiges Amt website.
The Foresight report was never released into the public domain; for an account see John Dickie, The New Mandarins: How British Foreign Policy Works (London: LB. Tauris, 2004) and Ian Hall, “‘Building the Global Network?’ The Reform of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office under New Labour,” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15, no. 2 (2012); Paschke, Report on the Special Inspection.
Frank Melloul, Development of the Influence of France on the International Scene: Public Diplomacy in French (October 12, 2010), 4, translation accessed via http://pdnetworks.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/more-on-french-public-diplomacy/melloul-2010-report-to-ump-on-french-pd-2/.
Fredric Mitterrand, Days of the French Network in the World (Paris, July 21, 2010). Accessed via http://pdnetworks.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/days-of-french-net-work-in-the-world.pdf
Xavier Darcos, Days of the French Network in the World (Paris, July 21, 2010). Accessed via http://pdnetworks.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/days-of-french-network-in-the-world.pdf
Gunther Hellmann, “Goodbye Bismark? The Foreign Policy of Contemporary Germany,” Mershon International Studies Review 40 (1996): 1–39;
Gunther Hellmann, “Normatively Disarmed, But Self-Confident: German Foreign Policy 20 Years after Reunification,” Internationale Politik 3 (2011, global edition): 45–51, see 46–8.
Auswärtiges Amt, Dialogue with the Islamic World (Berlin: Herausgeber, 2005), 5–7.
Die Bundesregierung, Shaping Globalization—Expanding Partnerships—Sharing Responsibility: A strategy paper by the German Government (Berlin: Auswärtiges Amt, 2012), 54.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Panel 2000 Consultation Document (London: Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 2000).
Mark Leonard, Britain™: Renewing our identity (London: Demos, 1997);
Simon Anholt, “Nation-Brands of the Twenty-First Century,” The Journal of Brand Management 5 no. 6 (July 1998): 395–406.
Eytan Gilboa, “Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (2008): 55–77, see 56.
E.g, Cowan and Arsenault, “Moving from Monologue to Dialogue”; Riordan, “Dialogue-Based Public Diplomacy”; Kathy R. Fitzpatrick, The Future of U.S. Public Diplomacy: An Uncertain Fate (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010).
Craig Hayden, The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Context (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2012);
Peter van Ham, Social Power in International Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2010).
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© 2013 Mai’a K. Davis Cross and Jan Melissen
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Pamment, J. (2013). West European Public Diplomacy. In: Cross, M.K.D., Melissen, J. (eds) European Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137315144_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137315144_2
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