Abstract
The DDR process for youth associated with fighting forces (YAFF) has thus far highlighted the newness and limiting nature of such programming which has only recently begun to focus on young people. It has also illuminated the need for a more nuanced and emancipatory approach which focuses on the specific needs of YAFF which are not present in ‘traditional’ DDR processes. In this sense as well, past programming has often been limited in scope and time while faced with budgetary restrictions. The issues of timeframe of implementation and the funding limitations of such programmes may also inhibit the ability of such undertakings to move beyond the short-term. This in turn creates spaces of separation and supports separate programming initiatives on programmes for economic, political and social (re)integration.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Annan, J., M. Brier, and F. Aryemo (2009) ‘From “Rebel” to “Returnee”: Daily Life and Reintegration for Young Soldiers in Northern Uganda’, Journal of Adolescent Research 24 (6), 639–667.
Bazemore, G. and C. Erbe (2004) ‘Reintegration and Restorative Justice: towards a Theory and Practice of Informal Social Control and Support’, in S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds) After Crime and Punishment, Pathways to Offender Reintegration (Devon: Willan Publishing), 27–56.
Black, S. (2011) ‘Truth Commission Thrillers’, Social Text 29 (2), 47–66.
Bøås, M. and A. Hatløy (2008) ‘“Getting In, Getting Out”: Militia Membership and Prospects for Re-integration in Post-war Liberia’, Journal of Modern African Studies 46 (1), 33–55.
Boothby, N. and B. Thomson (2013) ‘Child Soldiers as Adults: The Mozambique Case Study’, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 22 (7), 735–756.
Borer, T., J. Darby, and S. McEvoy-Levy (eds) (2007) Peacebuilding after Accords: The Challenges of Violence, Truth and Youth (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press).
Breese, J., R. Khaz, and K. Grant (2000) ‘No Place like Home: A Qualitative Investigation of Social Support and Its Effects on Recidivism’, Sociological Practice: A Journal of Clinical and Applied Research 2 (1), 1–21.
Cahn, N., D. Haynes, and F. Ni Aolain (2011) ‘Masculinities and Child Soldiers in Post-conflict Societies’, in F. Cooper and A. McGinley (eds) Masculinities and Law: A Multidimensional Approach (New York: NYU Press).
Clark, J. N. (2008) ‘The Three Rs: Retributive Justice, Restorative Justice, and Reconciliation’, Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice 11 (4), 331–350.
Denov, M. et al. (2012) ‘Engaging War Affected Youth through Photography: Photovoice with Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone’, Interventions 10 (2), 117–133.
Denov, M. and A. Buccitelli (2013) ‘Navigating Crisis and Chronicity in the Everyday: Former Child Soldiers in Urban Sierra Leone’, Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2 (2), 1–18.
Derluyn, I. et al. (2013) ‘Toward a Relational Understanding of the Reintegration and Rehabilitation Process of Former Child Soldiers’, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 22 (8), 869–886.
DPKO (2010) Second Generation Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) Practices in Peace Operations (New York: United Nations).
Drummond-Mundal, L. and G. Cave (2012) ‘Young Peacebuilders: Exploring Youth Engagement with Conflict and Social Change’, Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 3 (3), 63–76.
Dyck, C. (2011) ‘Football and Post-war Reintegration: Exploring the Role of Sport in DDR Processes in Sierra Leone’, Third World Quarterly 32 (3), 395–415.
Dzinesa, G. (2007) ‘Postconflict Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Southern Africa’, International Studies Perspective 8 (1), 73–89.
Farrall, S. and A. Calverley (2006) Understating Desistance from Crimes: Emerging Theoretical Directions in Resettlement and Rehabilitation (Maidenhead: Open University PressP).
Ginifer, J. (2003) ‘Reintegration of Ex-combatants’, in M. Malan, et al. Sierra Leone: Building the Road to Recovery. ISS Monographs Series, no. 80. (Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies).
Goldblatt, B. (2006) ‘Evaluating the Gender Content of Reparations: Lessons from South Africa’, in R. Rubio-Marin (ed.) What Happened to the Women? Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations (New York: Social Science Research Council).
Halpern, J. and H. Weinstein (2004) ‘Empathy and Rehumanization after Mass Violence’, in E. Stover and H. Weinstein (eds) My Neighbour, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 303–321.
Hart, J. (2006) ‘The Politics of “Child Soldiers”’, Brown Journal of World Affairs 13 (1), 217–226.
ILO (2010a) Economic Reintegration of Children Formerly Associated with Armed Forces and Armed Groups (Geneva: ILO), http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001907/190780e.pdf.
ILO (2010b) Socio-economic Reintegration of Ex-combatants: Guidelines (Geneva: ILO), http://www.ilo.org/wcrosp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_141276.pdf.
International Labour Organisation (ILO) (1997) Manual on Training and Employment Options for Ex-combatants (Geneva: ILO).
Jeffrey, A. and M. Jakala (2012) ‘Beyond Trial Justice in the Former Yugoslavia’, The Geographical Journal 178 (4), 290–295.
Jeong, H-W. (2005) Peacebuilding in Postconflict Societies: Strategies and Progress (London: Lynne Rienner).
Kerr, R. and E. Mobekk (2007) Peace and Justice: Seeking Accountability after War (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Kelly, J., J. Kabanga, W. Cragin, L. Alcayna-Stevens, S. Haider, and M. J. Vanrooyen (2012) “If Your Husband Doesn’t Humiliate You, Other People Won’t”: Gendered Attitudes towards Sexual Violence in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice 7 (3), 285–298.
Kelly, J., J. Kabanga, W. Cragin, L. Alcayna-Stevens, S. Haider, and M. J. Vanrooyen (2012) “If Your Husband Doesn’t Humiliate You, Other People Won’t”: Gendered Attitudes towards Sexual Violence in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice 7 (3), 285–298.
Kingma, K. (2000) ‘Assessing Demobilisation: Conceptual Issues’, in K. Kingma (ed.) Demobilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Developmental and Security Impacts (London: Macmillan), 23–44.
Koth, M. (2005) To End a War: Demobilization and Reintegration of Paramilitaries in Colombia, Paper, No. 43 (Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion).
Laub, J. and R. Sampson (2001) ‘Understanding Desistance for Crime’, Crime and Justice 28 (1), 1–69.
Lorchiedter, A. (2007) ‘Community-based Volunteers as Partners for Agencies Working with Formerly Abducted Children and Youth: Experiences from Northern Uganda’, Intervention 5 (3), 244–249.
Maclay, C. and A. Özerdem (2010) ‘“Use” Them or “Lose” Them: Engaging Liberia’s Disconnected Youth through Socio-political Integration’, International Peacekeeping 17 (3), 343–360.
Madlingozi, T. (2010) ‘On Transitional Justice Entrepreneurs and the Production of Victims’, Journal of Human Rights Practice 2 (2), 208–228.
Maruna, S., R. Immaigeon, and T. P. LeBel (2004) ‘Ex-offender Reintegration: Theory and Practice’, in S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds) After Crime and Punishment, Pathways to Offender Reintegration (Devon: Willan Publishing), 3–26.
McEvoy-Levy, S. (2006) ‘Conclusion: Youth and Post-accord Peacebuilding’, in S. McEvoy-Levy (ed.) Troublemakers or Peacemakers? Youth and Post-accord Peacebuilding (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press).
McKay, S. and D. Mazurana (2004). Where are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone, and Mozambique: Their Lives during and after War (Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development).
McMullin, J. (2011) ‘Reintegrating Young Combatants: Do Child-centred Approaches Leave Children — and Adults — Behind?’, Third World Quarterly 32 (4), 743–764.
Özerdem, A. (2002) ‘Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Afghanistan: Lessons Learned from a Cross-cultural Perspective’, Third World Quarterly 23 (5), 961–975.
Özerdem, A. (2012) ‘A Re-conceptualisation of Ex-combatant Reintegration “Social Reintegration” Approach’, Conflict, Security & Development 12 (1), 51–73.
Peters, K. (2007) ‘From Weapons to Wheels: Young Sierra Leonean Ex-combatants Become Motorbike Taxi-Riders’, Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, http://germanium.cen.brad.ac.uk/ssis/peace-conflict-and-development/ issue-10/Sierra-Leonean-ex-combatants-FINAL-EDIT.pdf.
Sarkin, J. (2012) ‘Integrating Transitional Justice and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration: The Need to Achieve Rehabilitation, Reintegration and Reconciliation for Child Soldiers and Child Victims of Enforced Disappearances’, in C. Derluyn, et al. (eds) Remember: Rehabilitation, Reintegration and Reconciliation of War-affected Children (Cambridge: Intersentia), 77–101.
Stovel, L. and M. Valiñas (2010) ‘Restorative Justice after Mass Violence: Opportunities and Risks for Children and Youth’, UNICEF Innocenti Working Paper.
Taxman, F. S. et al. (2004) ‘With Eyes Wide Open: Formalizing Community and Social Control Intervention in Offender Reintegration Programmes’, in S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds) After Crime and Punishment, Pathways to Offender Reintegration (Cullumpton, Devon: Willan Publishing), 233–260.
Travis, J. and J. Petersilia (2001) ‘Reentry Reconsidered: A New Look at an Old Question’, Crime Deliquency 47 (1), 291–325.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) (2009) Children, the Conflict and the TRC Children Agenda (Monrovia: The Republic of Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission).. .
United Nations Security Council (2004) The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-conflict Societies (New York: United Nations).
Wessells, M. (2004) ‘Psychosocial Issues in Reintegrating Child Soldiers’, Cornell International Law Journal 4 (3), 513–526.
Wessells, M. and D. Jonah (2006) ‘Recruitment and Reintegration of Former Youth Soldiers in Sierra Leone: Challenges of Reconciliation and Post-accord Peace Building’, in T. Borer, J. Darby, and S. McEvoy-Levy (eds) Peacebuilding after Accords: The Challenges of Violence, Truth and Youth (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press), 27–48.
Williamson, J. (2006) ‘The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Child Soldiers: Social and Psychological Transformation in Sierra Leone’, Intervention 4 (3), 185–205.
Zehr, H. (1990) Changing Lenses (Scottdale: Herald Press).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 Alpaslan Özerdem and Sukanya Podder
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Özerdem, A., Podder, S. (2015). The Positive Contributions of Youth to Peacebuilding. In: Youth in Conflict and Peacebuilding. Rethinking Political Violence Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314536_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314536_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-33034-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-31453-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Intern. Relations & Development CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)