Abstract
The contextualization of theology is the attempt to understand the Christian faith in a particular context. Often, the major theological questions posed originate from the sociopolitical concerns of the day or from a particular demographic of society. Yet these questions have also been at times nuanced by the religious and philosophical heritage of the context as well. As we have seen in our three main case studies, Chinese Christian thinkers in the past hundred years have in varying degrees needed to wrestle with these two poles: the sociopolitical and the religiophilosophical. Though the latter was seen by many revolutionaries of the May Fourth Enlightenment as a remnant of feudalism’s past, the Second Chinese Enlightenment has brought upon a zongjiao re (religious fever) where religion is now at the forefront of intellectual discourse. This has resulted in a growing interest in “foreign religions” like Protestantism and Catholicism, as well as a revival of China’s institutional and diffused religions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
This is actually one of Schreiter’s criteria for evaluating the performance of a local theology. Robert J. Schreiter, Constructing Local Theologies (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1985), 118.
J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, rev. ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 171. Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.18.1.
Vladimir Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1976), 114–134.
Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church, new ed. (London: Penguin Books, 1997), 219–221.
Gösta Hallonsten, “Theosis in Recent Research: A Renewal of Interest and a Need for Clarity,” in Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deification in the Christian Traditions, ed. Michael J. Christensen and Jeffery A. Wittung (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2007), 285.
Maximus the Confessor, The Four Hundred Chapters on Love 3.25, translated in George C. Berthold, ed., Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings (London: SPCK, 1985), 64.
Ibid., 3.24. Melchisedec Törönen, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St. Maximus the Confessor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 27.
John Boojamra, “Original Sin According to St. Maximus the Confessor,” St. Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 20, nos. 1–2 (1976): 19–20.
Töröne, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St. Maximus the Confessor, 27. Torstein T. Tollefsen, The Christocentric Cosmology of St Maximus the Confessor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 173.
Perhaps the most exhaustive study on the subject can be found in John Romanides’s 1957 doctoral dissertation, later translated and published in English. His monograph’s usefulness in the current study, however, is a bit limited due to his particular focus on writings of the second and third centuries. John S. Romanides, The Ancestral Sin, trans. George S. Gabriel (Ridgewood, NJ: Zephyr Publishing, 1998).
John Meyendorff, A Study of Gregory Palamas, 2nd ed., trans. George Lawrence (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1974), 125.
James D. G. Dunn, Romans, vol. 38A, Word Biblical Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1988), 273–274, 290.
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Romans, vol. 33, The Anchor Bible (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 415–417.
John Calvin, The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Romans and to the Thessalonians, trans. Ross Mackenzie (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1960), 111–112. Martin Luther, LW25: 259–260.
J. I. Packer, Concise Theology: A Guide to Historic Christian Beliefs (Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House, 1993), 83.
John Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes, rev. 2nd ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1983), 144.
See Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1996), 342–343.
Lars Thunberg, Microcosm and Mediator: The TheologicalAnthropology of Maximus the Confessor, 2nd. ed. (Chicago and La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1995), 154–156.
Boojamra, “Original Sin According to St. Maximus the Confessor,” 27. See Jean-Claude Larchet, “Ancestral Guilt According to St. Maximus the Confessor: A Bridge between Eastern and Western Conceptions,” Sobornost 20, no. 1 (1998): 26–48.
Tu Wei-ming, Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1985), 25.
Kenneth Ch’en, Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 12–14.
Umberto Bresciani, Reinventing Confucianism: The New Confucian Movement (Taipei: Taipei Ricci Institute for Chinese Studies, 2001), 370–388.
Jason T. Clower, The Unlikely Buddhologist: Tiantai Buddhism in Mou Zongsan’s New Confucianism (Leiden: Brill, 2010).
Antonio S. Cua, “Dimensions of Li (Propriety): Reflections on an Aspect of Hsün Tzu’s Ethics,” Philosophy East and West 29, no. 4 (Oct. 1979): 381.
Julia Ching, Chinese Religions (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1993), 15–32.
Livia Kohn, Daoism and Chinese Culture (Magdalena, NM: Three Pines Press, 2001), 43–58.
Edmond Tang, “‘Yellers’ and Healers-Pentecostalism and the Study of Grassroots Christianity in China,” China Study Journal 17, no. 3 (December 2002): 27.
Jeffrey D. Finch, “Neo-Palamism, Divining Grace, and the Breach between East and West,” in Partakers of the Divine Nature, ed. Michael J. Christensen and Jeffery A. Wittung, 233–249.
It is highly contested whether or not Thomas Aquinas was the first who articulated the notion of “created grace,” especially since it does not show up in his Summa. A. N. Williams comments, “The application of the term createdgrace to the Summa is largely the product of an assumption of homogeneity in scholasticism that because later scholastics (and later Thomists) used the term, it must also be appropriate for Thomas himself. Thomas’ extreme hesitation in using it challenges that assumption, especially since its employment has proved so contentious in the mutual understanding of the East and the West.” A. N. Williams, The Ground of Union: Deification in Aquinas and Palamas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 87.
Olivier Clément, On Human Being: A Spiritual Anthropology, trans. Jeremy Hummerstone (London: New City, 2000), 37.
Herrlee Glessner Creel, Chinese Thought: From Confucius to Mao Tse-Tung (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 15.
Fung Yu-lan (Feng Youlan), A Short History of Chinese Philosophy: A Systematic Account of Chinese Thought from its Origins to the Present Day (New York: Free Press, 1948), 101.
Junjirō Takakusu, The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy, 3rd ed., ed. Wing-Tsit Chan and Charles A. Moore (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975), 37–38.
Thunberg, Microcosm and Mediator, 19. See Hans Urs von Balthasar, Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor, trans. Brian E. Dale (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2003), 322.
Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Way, 2nd ed. (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1995), 50. See Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology, 142.
Maximus the Confessor, Difficulty 5, translated in Andrew Louth, trans., Maximus the Confessor (New York: Routledge, 1996), 175.
Michael E. Butler, “Hypostatic Union and Monotheletism: The Dyothelite Christology of St. Maximus the Confessor,” (PhD diss., Fordham University, 1993), 181.
Paulos Huang, Confronting Confucian Understandings of the Christian Doctrine of Salvation: A Systematic Theological Analysis of the Basic Problems in the Confucian-Christian Dialogue (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009), 249.
Tu Wei-Ming, Centrality and Commonality: An Essay on Confucian Religiousness, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: SUNY Press, 1989), 78.
Orthodox Advisor Group to the WCCC-CWME, “Go Forth in Peace: Orthodox Perspectives on Mission,” in New Directions in Mission and Evangelization I: Basic Statements 1974–1991, ed. James A Scherer and Stephen B. Bevans (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1992), 204.
This latter thesis is taken up by Williams in her later essay, A. N. Williams, “Mystical Theology Redux: The Pattern ofAquinas’ Summa Theologiæ,” Modern Theology 13, no. 1 (Jan. 1997): 53–74.
Alexei V. Nesteruk, Light from the East: Theology, Science, and the Eastern Orthodox Tradition (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2003).
John Breck and Lyn Breck, Stages on Life’s Way: Orthodox Thinking on Bioethics (Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2005).
Daniel Buxhoeveden and Gayle Woloschak, eds., Science and Eastern Orthodox Church (London: Ashgate, 2011).
Aristotle Papanikolaou, “Byzantium, Orthodoxy, and Democracy,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 71, no. 1 (March 2003): 75–98.
Gerald Bonner, “Augustine’s Conception of Deification,” Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 37 (1986): 369–386.
Robert Puchniak, “Augustine’s Conception of Deification, Revisited,” in Theōsis: Deification in Christian Theology, ed. Stephen Finlan and Vladimir Kharlamov (Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2006).
Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson, eds., Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1998).
Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, One with God: Salvation as Deification and Justification (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2004).
Tuomo Mannermaa, Christ Present in Faith: Luther’s View of Justification (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2005).
Julie Canlis, Calvin’s Ladder: A Spiritual Theology of Ascent and Ascension (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2010).
Randy L. Maddox, “John Wesley and Eastern Orthodoxy: Influences, Convergences and Divergences,” Asbury Theological Journal 45, no. 2 (1990): 29–53.
Christos Yannaras, Postmodern Metaphysics, trans. Norman Russell (Brookline, MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2004).
Christos Yannaras, On the Absence and Unknowability of God: Heidegger and the Areopagite, trans. Haralambos Ventis (New York: T&T Clark, 2005).
Arthur Bradley, “God sans Being: Derrida, Marion and ‘A Paradoxical Writing of the Word Without’,” Literature and Theology 14, no. 3 (2000): 299–312.
Stanley J. Grenz, Social God and Relational Self. A Trinitarian Theology of the Imago Dei (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2001), 323–336.
Brian D. McLaren, A Generous Orthodoxy (El Cajon, CA: Emergent YS, 2004).
Liu Xiaofeng, “Sino-Christian Theology in the Modern Context,” in Sino-Christian Studies in China, ed. Yang Huilin and Daniel H. N. Yeung (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006), 63.
Arif Dirlik, “Confucius in the Borderlands: Global Capitalism and the Reinvention of Confucianism,” boundary 2 22, no. 3 (1995): 229–273.
Homi K. Bhabha, “The Third Space: Interview with Homi Bhabha,” in Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, ed. Jonathan Rutherford (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990), 209.
Paulos Mar Gregorios, The Human Presence: An Orthodox View of Nature (Geneva: WCC, 1978).
Paulos Mar Gregorios, Cosmic Man- The Divine Presence: The Theology of St. Gregory of Nyssa (ca. 330 to 395 A.D.) (New York: Paragon House, 1988).
Aristotle Papanikolaou, “Orthodoxy, Post-Modernism, and Ecumenism: The Difference that Divine-Human Communion Makes,” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 42, no. 4 (Fall 2007): 527–544.
Paul Valliere, Modern Russian Theology: Bukharev, Soloviev, Bulgakov: Orthodox Theology in a New Key (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000).
Rowan Williams, ed., Sergii Bulgakov: Towards a Russian Political Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999).
Aristotle Papanikolaou, Being with God: Trinity, Apophaticism and Divine-Human Communion (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006).
Copyright information
© 2013 Alexander Chow
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chow, A. (2013). Theosis and China. In: Theosis, Sino-Christian Theology and the Second Chinese Enlightenment. Palgrave Macmillan’s Christianities of the World. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137312624_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137312624_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45734-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-31262-4
eBook Packages: Palgrave Religion & Philosophy CollectionPhilosophy and Religion (R0)