Abstract
Is Norbert Elias’s theory that Europe underwent a historical civilizing process the most relevant way to think about capital punishment? This is a relevant question to ask as Elias himself scarcely refers to capital punishment in his written work. The figure of the executioner is mentioned only in passing in The Civilizing Process, when his wretched condition is compared to the lot of a prostitute.1 In The Loneliness of the Dying, he depicts the extinction of the keen interest in judicial executions as an expression of the repression of death by civilization, stating: “No doubt the scope of identification is wider than in earlier times. We no longer regard it as a Sunday entertainment to see people hanged, quartered, broken on the wheel.”2 Generally, Elias has not integrated the evolution of extreme penalty in his theory and has not included criminal law as an informative factor in court trial conduct, probably because he believed that legislative changes do not possess a specific nature but simply mirror previous changes in custom.3 Yet, a state monopoly on violence and monopoly on tax go hand in hand with a monopoly on legislation, especially in countries like France, which had several legal traditions that had to be unified, codified, and centralized, for the most part, at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.4 An apparent softening of penalties followed these monopolizations, both with the “fading glamour of Ancient Regime tortures,” which took place in the eighteenth century according to Michel Foucault, and their abolition by the revolutionaries of 1789.
Translated from the French. The author wishes to thank the Scientific Commission of the Institute of Political Studies of Grenoble (France).
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Notes
Elias (Norbert), La civilisation des mœurs (The Civilization of Manners) (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, coll. “Pocket Agora,” 2000 [1939]), p. 258.
Elias (Norbert), The Loneliness of the Dying, The Collected Works of Norbert Elias, vol. 6 (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2010 [1979]), p. 4.
Voltaire used to mock France and its 540 customs or habits and 40,000 Roman laws. See Albert Rigaudière, “Un rêve royal français: l’unifcation du droit” (A royal French dream: law unification), Comptes-rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Minutes of the meetings of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres), vol. 148, 4, 2004, p. 1554.
McGowen (Randall), “Introduction: Getting the Question Right? Ways of Thinking about the Death Penalty,” in Garland (David), McGowen (Randall), and Meranze (Michael) (eds.), America’s Death Penalty: Between Past and Present (New York, London: New York University Press, 2011), p. 15.
Evans (Richard J.), Rituals of Retribution: Capital punishment in Germany, 1600–1987 (London: Penguin Books, 1997 [1996]), p. 147.
Gatrell (V. A. C.), The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People, 1770–1868 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 [1994]), p. 22.
Sharpe (J. A.), “Civility, Civilizing Process, and the End of Public Punishment in England,” in Burke (Peter), Harrison (Brian), and Slack (Paul) (eds.), Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Tomas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 215.
Gatrell, The Hanging Tree, p. 67. This point is confirmed by Pascal Bastien, Une histoire de la peine de mort. Bourreaux et supplices. Paris, London, 1500–1800 (A history of capital punishment: executions and executioners: Paris, London: 1500–1800), Seuil, coll. “L’Univers historique,” 2011, p. 250.
Foucault (Michel), Surveiller et punir. Naissance de la prison (Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison), (Paris: Gallimard, coll. “Tel”, 1993 [1975]), p. 16.
Perrot (Michelle), “La leçon des ténèbres Michel Foucault et la prison” (The lesson of darkness: Michel Foucault and the prison) (1985), in Les ombres de l’histoire Crime et châtiment au XIXe siècle (The shadows of history: crime and punishment in the 19th century) (Paris: Flammarion, coll. “Champs,” 2003 [2001]), p. 36.
Gauvard (Claude), Violence et ordre public au Moyen Age (Violence and public order in the Middle Ages) (Paris: Editions A. et J Picard, 2005), p. 11.
For the case of Artois, refer to Robert Muchembled, Le temps des supplices. De l’obéissance sous les rois absolus. XV e–XVIIIe siècle (The time of torments: obedience under the absolute kings, 15th–18th centuries) (Paris: Armand Colin, 2006 [1992]).
Spierenburg (Pieter), The Spectacle of Suffering Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Preindustrial Metropolis to the European Experience (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 201.
Pratt (John), Punishment and Civilization: Penal Tolerance and Intolerance in Modern Society (London: Sage Publications, 2002), pp. 7 and 23.
Elias (Norbert), “On Transformations of Aggressiveness,” Theory and Society, vol. 5, 2, March 1978, p. 240.
Taïeb (Emmanuel), La guillotine au secret Les exécutions publiques en France, 1870–1939 (Hiding the guillotine: public executions in France, 1870–1939) (Paris: Belin, coll. “Socio-histoires,” 2011), p. 24.
Arasse (Daniel), La guillotine et l’imaginaire de la Terreur (The guillotine and the imaginary of terror) (Paris: Flammarion, 1987), p. 49.
Du Camp (Maxime), Paris. Ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie dans la seconde moitié du XIX e siècle (Paris: its organs, its functions and its life in the second half of the 19th century), vol. 3 (Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie, 1872), p. 388.
Du Camp (Maxime), “La place de la Roquette. Le quartier des condamnés à mort et l’échafaud” (Place de la Roquette: the suburb of the doomed and the scaffold of justice), Revue des deux mondes, vol. 85, January 1870, p. 196.
Théolleyre (Jean-Marc), Tout condamné à mort aura la tête tranchée (All persons sentenced to death will be beheaded) (Paris: Tema-Editions, 1977), p. 27.
Leverdier (Henri), La guillotine (Paris: Jules Lévy, 1886), pp. 306 and 308.
Mennell (Stephen), The American Civilizing Process (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007), p. 71.
Wouters (Cas), Informalization: Manners and Emotions since 1890 (London: Sage Publications, 2007).
Jasper (Michael), “‘Hats Of!’: The Roots of Victorian Public Hangings,” in Thesing (William B.) (ed.), Executions and the British Experience from the 17th to the 20th Century: A Collection of Essays (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1990), p. 140.
Elias (Norbert), The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1998), first issued in German, 1989 [1961–80]; Fletcher (Jonathan), Violence and Civilization: An Introduction to the Work of Norbert Elias (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1997), p. 116 et seq.
Corbin (Alain), “Le Paris de Maxime Du Camp” (The Paris of Maxime Du Camp), Sociétés & Représentations, 17, March 2004, p. 80.
Blatin (Henry), Les courses de taureaux (Bullfights) (Paris: Société Protectrice des Animaux, 1863), p. 36.
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© 2014 Tatiana Savoia Landini and François Dépelteau
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Taïeb, E. (2014). The Civilization of Capital Punishment in France. In: Landini, T.S., Dépelteau, F. (eds) Norbert Elias and Empirical Research. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137312143_4
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