Abstract
On November 6, 1989, the founding meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum was convened in Canberra, Australia, where the foreign and economic ministries of 12 Asia-Pacific states gathered for the first time in the region’s history. In a Chairman’s concluding statement at the meeting, Australian foreign minister, Gareth Evans noted, “The stimulus for this meeting was Australian Prime Minister Hawke’s call, in January 1989, for more effective Asia-Pacific economic cooperation. In making and following up this proposal Australia, working closely with Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other participants, sought to give a sense of direction to a range of earlier proposals.”1 As epitomized by the Evans’s statement, the birth of APEC has been widely recognized as a classical example of middle-power “entrepreneurial leadership” by the Australian government.2 In his statement, no specific name, among the participating countries, was made, except for ASEAN. Should Japan’s role in APEC’s creation, accordingly, be reduced simply as one of the other participants, as Evans’ statement suggests?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
APEC, “First Ministerial Meeting (Canberra, Australia, Nov 6–7, 1989) Chairman’s Summary Statement,” 1989, accessed August 17, 200, available from http://www.apecsec.org.sg/virtualib.minismtig/mtgmin89.html.
Andrew Mack and John Ranvenhill, “Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region,” in Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region, ed. Andrew Mack and John Ranvenhill (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 10–11.
Alan Rix, “Japan and the Region: Leading from Behind,” in Pacific Economic Relations in the 1990s: Cooperation or Conflict? ed. Richard Higgott, Richard Leaver, and John Ravenhill, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993), 62–82;
Takashi Terada, “Directional Leadership in Institution-Building: Japan’s Approaches to ASEAN in the Establishment of PECC and APEC,” The Pacific Review 14, no. 2 (2001): 195–220.
Yoichi Funabashi, Asia Pacific Fusion: Japan’s Role in APEC, (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1995), 56.
Mike Mansfield, “Statement on a US-Japan Free Trade Agreement by Ambassador Mike Mansfield,” in Pros and Cons of Initiating Negotiations with Japan to Explore the Possibility of a US-Japan Free Trade Area Agreement: Report to the Senate Committee on Finance and Investigation, ed. United States International Trade Commission, USTIC Publication (Washington, DC: USITC, 1988), A-2.
MITI, Aratanaru Ajia-Taiheiyo Kyoryoku o Motomete: Konsensas Apurochi ni yoru Tasouteki Zenshinteki Kyoryoku no Suishin (Tokyo: MITI, 1988).
MITI, “64-nendo Tushosangyoseisaku no Juten,” Tsusansho Koho, no. 11575 (1988): 3. Although the languages in the report did not use “ministerial-level” (instead, it used rather vague terms “leaders”), the underlying goal was certainly a ministerial meeting. See “Ajiakyoryoku de Shinshisaku, Tsusansho,” Asahi Shimbun, June 18, 1988, p. 9.
Richard K. Betts, “Wealth, Power, and Instability: East Asia after the Cold War,” International Security 18, no. 3 (1993/94): 48;
Barry Buzan, “Japan’s Future: Old History versus New Roles,” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) 64, no. 4 (1988): 570;
Craig C. Garby and Mary Brown Bullock, eds., Japan: A New Kind of Superpower? (Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994);
Saori N. Katada, Banking on Stability: Japan and the Cross-Pacific Dynamics of International Financial Crisis Management (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001), 3;
Peter J. Katzenstein and Martin Rouse, “Japan as a Regional Power in Asia,” in Regionalism and Rivalry: Japan and the United States in Pacific Asia, ed. Jeffrey A. Frankel and Miles Kahler (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 217–48;
Paul Kennedy, “Japan: A Twenty-first-Century Power?” in Japan: A New Kind of Superpower? ed. Craig C. Garby and Mary Brown Bullock (Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994), 193–200;
Mike M. Mochizuki, “Japan as an Asia-Pacific Power,” in East Asia in Transition: Toward a New Regional Order, ed. Robert S. Ross (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 124–59.
William Zartman, “Africa as a Subordinate State System in International Relations,” International Organization 21 (1967): 545–64.
MITI, Ajiataiheiyou Kyoryokusuishin Kondankai Houkokusho: Toukei Shiryoushu (Tokyo: MITI, 1989), 12.
Makoto Kuroda, “Panel Statements on Horizon of Regional Cooperation,” in Global Adjustment and the Future of Asian-Pacific Economy: Papers and Proceedings of the Conference on Global Adjustment and the Future of Asian-Pacific Economy held on 11–13 May 1988 in Tokyo, ed. Miyohei Shinohara and Fu-chen Lo (Tokyo: Asia and Pacific Development Centre, Institute of Developing Economies, 1989), 538.
Shinji Fukukawa, 21—seiki Nihon no Sentaku: Mittsuno Nyu-ism, Groubarizumu, Hyumanizumu, Indasutoriarizumu (Tokyo: TBS Britanika, 1990), 127–8.
Robert Hawke, The Hawke Memoirs (Melbourne: William Heinemann, 1994), 431.
MITI, Ajiataiheiyo Kyouryokusuishin Kondankai Houkoku—Hirakareta “Kyoryoku niyoru Hatten no Jidai” e- (Tokyo: MITI, 1989), iiii, 57.
Fred C. Bergsten, “Open Regionalism,” in Working Paper (Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1997).
Ross Garnaut, “A New Open Regionalism in the Asia Pacific,” in International Conference on World Economy (Colima, Mexico: 2004).
Hisashi Hosokawa, Daikyousoujidai no Tsushosenryaku (Tokyo: Nihon Housou Shuppankai, 1999), 138–9.
Takashi Terada, “The Origins of Japan’s APEC Policy: Foreign Minister Takeo Miki’s Asia-Pacific Policy and Current Implications,” The Pacific Review 11, no. 3 (1998): 339.
Brian J. Bridges, “1990-nendai niokeru Nihon no Senryakuteki Priority,” in JIIA-IISS Kokusai Shimpojiumu: 1990—nendai niokeru Nihon no Senryakutekikadai, ed. Nihon Kokusai Mondai Kenkyujo (Tokyo: Nihon Kokusai Mondai Kenkyujo, 1993), 175–6.
Economic Planning Office, Ajiataiheiyo-chiiki Hannei no Tetsugaku: Sougoukokuryoku no Kanten karamita Nihon no Yakuwari (Tokyo: Okurasho Insatsukyoku, 1989), 79–83.
Mie Oba, Ajiataiheiyo Chiikikeisei eno Doutei: Kyokaikokka Nichigo no Aidentitimosaku to Chiikishugi (Tokyo: Minerva Shobou, 2004).
Yoshihiro Sakamoto, Meo Sekaini, Kokoro o Sokokuni: Kokuekitowa Nanika o Toitsuzuketa Tsushoukoushou no Genbakara (Tokyo: Zaikaikenkyujo, 2000), 117. Emphasis added.
Ellis Krauss, “Japan, the US, and the Emergence of Multilateralism in Asia,” The Pacific Review 13, no. 3 (2000): 473–94.
Copyright information
© 2013 Kuniko Ashizawa
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ashizawa, K. (2013). Japan and the Creation of APEC: MITI’s Quiet Maneuver, 1988–1989. In: Japan, the US, and Regional Institution-Building in the New Asia. Asia Today. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137307743_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137307743_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45564-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-30774-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)