Abstract
Some years ago in the regional newspaper Turun Sanomat, a former Waffen-SS volunteer reflected on the experiences of the Finnish contingent, the Finnisches Freiwilligen Bataillon der Waffen-SS, on the Eastern Front: Nobody talked about politics to us. We were Germany’s elite soldiers. . . . Waffen-SS had nothing to do with Allgemeine-SS, which was political. Not a single man from the SS Viking division [in which a number of Finnish volunteers had served for a time] was sentenced for war crimes in the postwar trials. It’s wrong that we are mixed up with the brutality of Algemeine-SS [sic]. We were soldiers under the Wehrmacht command and fought against the same enemy as Finland.1
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Notes
Bernd Boll, “Zloczów, July 1941: The Wehrmacht and the Beginning of the Holocaust in Galicia,” in Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century, ed. Omer Bartov, Atina Grossmann, and Mary Nolan (New York: The New Press, 2002)
Peter Longerich, Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 194
Bernd Boll, “Zloczow, Juli 1941: Die Wehrmacht und der Beginn des Holocaust in Galizien,” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 50, no. 10 (2002): 901–16
George H. Stein, Waffen-SS: Hitlerin eliittikaarti sodassa [Waffen-SS: Hitler’s elite troops at war], trans. Jouni Suistola (Helsinki: Ajatus, 2004)
Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York: Vintage Books, 2003).
Ville Kivimäki, “Introduction: Three Wars and Their Epitaphs; The Finnish History and Scholarship of World War Two,” in Finland in World War Two: History, Memory, Interpretations, ed. Tiina Kinnunen and Ville Kivimäki (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 6.
Mauno Jokipii, Hitlerin Saksa ja sen vapaaehtoisliikkeet: Waffen-SS:n suomalaispatal-joona vertailtavana [Hitler’s Germany and its volunteer movements: The Finnish Waffen-SS battalion in comparison] (Helsinki: SKS, 2002)
For Finland’s insecure situation and the development of the Finnish-German relations during 1940–41, see Matti Lackman, Esko Riekki: Jääkärivärväri, Etsivän Keskuspoliisin päällikkö, SS-pataljoonan luoja [Esko Riekki: Jäger recruiter, chief of the Investigative Police Bureau, and creator of the SS-battalion] (Helsinki: SKS, 2007), 372–84.
Mauno Jokipii, Panttipataljoona: Suomalaisen SS-pataljoonan historia [The pawn battalion: History of the Finnish SS-battalion] (Helsinki: Weilin+Göös, 1968), 101.
Erkki Heimolainen cited in Seppo Porvali, Uskollisuus on kunniamme [Loyalty is our honor] (Helsinki: Apali, 2008), 51.
Niilo Lauttamus, Vieraan kypärän alla [Under the foreign helmet] (Jyväskylä: Gummerus, 1957), 14.
See Veikko Elo, Pantin lunastajat [The claimants of the pawn] (Helsinki: printed by author, 1993), 184–5.
Unto Parvilahti, Terekille ja takaisin: Suomalaisen vapaaehtoisjoukon vaiheita Saksan itärintamalla 1941–43 [To the Terek river and back: The vicissitudes of the Finnish volunteer troops on the German eastern front 1941–1943] (Helsinki: Otava, 1958).
Sakari Lappi-Seppälä, Haudat Dnjeprin varrella: SS-miehen päiväkirjan lehtiä [Graves by the river Dnieper: Pages from the diary of an SS-man] (Helsinki: AA-kirjapaino, 1945), 177–84
Parvilahti, Terekille ja takaisin, 18. For Samfundet Folkgemenskap, see Henrik Ekberg, Führerns trogna följeslagare: Den finländska nazismen 1932–1944 [The Führer’s loyal companions: Finnish Nazism 1932–1944] ([Helsinki]: Schildts, 1991), 195–210.
Jukka Tyrkkö, Suomalaisia suursodassa: SS-vapaaehtoisten vaiheita jääkäreiden jäljillä 1941–1943 [Finns in the great war: SS volunteers’ vicissitudes following in the Jägers’ footsteps 1941–1943] (Porvoo: WSOY, 1960).
Jouni Suistola, “Suomalaiset Waffen-SS:n palveluksessa” [Finns in the Service of the Waffen-SS], translator’s chapter in Waffen-SS: Hitlerin eliittikaarti sodassa 1939–1945 [Waffen-SS: Hitler’s elite troops at war], by George H. Stein (Helsinki: Ajatus, 2004), 345.
For example, see Franz Janka, Die braune Gesellschaft: Ein Volk wird formatiert [The brown society: The forming of a people] (Stuttgart: Quell, 1997)
Peter Fritzsche, Life and Death in the Third Reich (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008)
Frank Bajohr and Michael Wildt, eds., Volksgemeinschaft: Neue Forschungen zur Gesellschaft des Nationalsozialismus [The people’s community: New research on the national socialist society] (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2009)
See for example, Antero Holmila, Holokausti: Tapahtumat ja tulkinnat [The Holocaust: Events and interpretations] (Jyväskylä: Atena, 2010)
Oula Silvennoinen, Salaiset aseveljet: Suomen ja Saksan turvallisuuspoliisiyhteistyö 1933–1944 [Secret brothers-in-arms: The cooperation of the Finnish and German security police 1933–1944] (Helsinki: Otava, 2008)
Hana Worthen, Playing “Nordic”: The Women of Niskavuori, Agri/Culture, and Imagining Finland on the Third Reich Stage (Helsinki: Helsinki University Print, 2007).
Peter Scharff Smith, Niels Bo Poulsen, and Claus Bundgärd Christensen, “The Danish Volunteers in the Waffen SS and German Warfare at the Eastern Front,” Contemporary European History 8, no. 1 (1999): 95.
Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York: Vintage Books, 2003), 63.
Omer Bartov, Germany’s War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 12.
Jürgen Matthäus, “Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust,” in The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942, by Christopher R. Browning with contributions by Jürgen Matthäus (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 245.
Waffen-SS volunteer Ahti Paikkala’s diary entry on June 5, 1941, is quoted in Jaakko Korjus, Otsassa kuoleman kuva: Raportti suomalaisesta SS-joukosta [Death’s image on the forehead: A report on the Finnish SS troops] (Vaasa: Vaasa Oy, 1981), 57.
Claus Bundgärd Christensen, Nils Bo Poulsen, and Peter Scharff Smith, “The Danish Volunteers in the Waffen SS and their Contribution to the Holocaust and the Nazi War of Extermination,” in Denmark and the Holocaust, ed. Mette Bastholm Jensen and Steven L. B. Jensen (Copenhagen: Institute for International Studies, 2003), 70.
Cited in Helen Fein, Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization during the Holocaust (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 4.
see Alexander B. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003).
For example, see Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays of Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
Eric Nupnau, Farligt spel: Tvä ärs upplevelser i Tyskland under kriget [Dangerous game: Two years’ experiences in Germany during the war] (Stockholm: Fahlcrantz and Gumaelius, 1946).
Dan Stone, Constructing the Holocaust: A Study in Historiography (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2003), 85.
Antero Holmila, “Varieties of Silence: Collective Memory of the Holocaust in Finland,” in Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations, ed. Tiina Kinnunen and Ville Kivimäki (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 539.
See also Åke Söderlund, “Aatteen, seikkailujen vai maanpetturuuden tiellä? Saksan SS-joukoissa vuoden 1944 aseleposopimuksen jälkeen palvelleiden suomalaisten sotilaiden taustat ja värväytymisen vaikuttimet” [Idealists, adventurers, or traitors? The background and reasons of the Finns who served in the German SS after the truce of 1944], in Sotatapahtumia, internointeja ja siirto sodanjälkeisiin oloihin [Wars, internees, and the transition to the postwar era], ed. Lars Westerlund (Helsinki: Kansallisarkisto, 2010), 53.
See Wilhelm Tieke, Suomalainen SS-pataljoona [Finnish SS-battalion] (Helsinki: Wiking-divisioona, 2001)
Olli Wikberg, Dritte Nordland: Suomalainen SS-vapaaehtoispataljoona kuvissa [Dritte Nordland: The Finnish volunteer battalion in photographs] (Helsinki: Wiking-divisioona, 2001)
Olli Wikberg, Meine Ehre heisst Treue!: Suomalaisten SS-vapaaehtoisten asepuvut 1941–43 [My honor is loyalty: The Finnish SS-volunteers’ uniforms 1941–43] (Helsinki: Wiking-divisioona, 1999).
Omer Bartov, “The Wehrmacht Exhibition Controversy,” in Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century, ed. Omer Bartov, Atina Grossmann, and Mary Nolan (New York: The New Press, 2002), 41–2.
George H. Stein, The Waffen-SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966)
Jouni Suistola as Waffen-SS: Hitlerin eliittikaarti sodassa 1939–1945 (Helsinki: Ajatus, 2004).
Jouni Suistola, “Finns on the Service of the Waffen-SS,” translator’s chapter in Waffen-SS: Hitlerin eliittikaarti sodassa 1939–1945, George H. Stein (Helsinki: Ajatus, 2004), 345.
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Holmila, A. (2013). “Soldaten wie andere auch”: Finnish Waffen-SS Volunteers and Finland’s Historical Imagination. In: Muir, S., Worthen, H. (eds) Finland’s Holocaust. The Holocaust and its Contexts. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137302656_10
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