Abstract
All too often, policymakers and urban theorists use state weakness to explain persistent urban poverty, inequality, and conflict. Embedded in this approach is a Manichean cognitive frame that constructs African cities and urban spaces in binaries: as well-managed versus mismanaged, as formal versus informal, legal or illegal, or governed versus ungoverned. The resultant analyses suggest that the crises facing many African cities lie with state failures and governments’ inability to provide services, manage diversity, and enforce the law across Africa’s fast growing and fluid cities. If a weak or failed state is the basis of the urban crisis, it stands to reason that a strong state is the cornerstone of good governance, order, effective regulation, and the amelioration of poor socioeconomic conditions.
Ungoverned spaces are not merely areas lacking in governance; rather, they are spaces where territorial state control has been voluntarily or involuntarily ceded to or shared with actors other than legally recognized sovereign authorities.
—Clunan and Trinkunas, 2010, 275
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Richard E Stren and Rodney R White, eds., African Cities in Crisis: Managing Rapid Urban Growth, African Modernization and Development Series v. 5 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989); Mohamed Halfani, “The Challenge of Urban Governance in East Africa: Responding to an Unrelenting Crisis,” in Cities and Governance: New Directions in Latin America, Asia and Africa, ed. Patricia L McCarney (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 183–203; Patricia L. McCarney, Mohamed Halfani, and Alfredo Rodriguez, “Toward an Understanding of Governance: The Emergence of an Idea and Its Implications for Urban Research in Developing Countries,” in Urban Research in the Developing World, Volume 4: Perspectives on the City, eds. Richard Stren and Judith K Bell, 1st ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1995); Patricia L. McCarney, “Considerations of the Notion of ‘Governance’—New Directions for Cities in the Developing World” in Cities and Governance: New Directions in Latin America, Asia and Africa, ed. Patricia L McCarney (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Mark Swilling, “Building Democratic Local Urban Governance in Southern Africa,” in Governing Africa’s Cities, ed. Mark Swilling. (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1997), 211–274.
Patricia L McCarney, “Considerations of the Notion of ‘Governance’.” 4.
Mark Swilling, “Building Democratic Local Urban Governance in Southern Africa,” in Governing Africa’s Cities, ed. Mark Swilling (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1997), 211–274; Susan Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002); Jo Beall, Owen Crankshaw, and Susan Parnell, Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg (London: Routledge, 2002).
Steven Friedman, “A Quest for Control: High Modernism and Its Discontents in Johannesburg, South Africa,” in Urban Governance Around the World, ed. Ruble A. Blair, et al. (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Int. Ctr for Scholars, 2005), 31–68; Steven Friedman, “A Voice Is Heard in the City: Inclusive Cities and Citizen Voice,” in Urban Diversity: Space, Culture, and Inclusive Pluralism in Cities Worldwide, ed. Caroline Wanjiku Kihato et al., 1st ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 341–360.
Tom Lodge, “The South African Local Government Elections of December 2000,” Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 28, no. 1 (May 2001): 21–46, doi:10.1080/02589340120058085.
Philip Harrison, “Integrated Development Plans and Third Way Politics,” in Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy in South Africa, ed. Udesh Pillay, Richard Tomlinson, and Jacques du Toit (Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council, 2006), 186–207; Philip Harrison, “The Genealogy of South Africa’s Integrated Development Plan,” Third World Planning Review 23, no. 2 (2001): 175–193.
Ministry for Provincial Affairs and Constitutional Development, The White Paper on Local Government (Pretoria: CTP Book Printers, 1998); Ivor Chipkin, “A Developmental Role for Local Government,” in Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment, ed. Susan Parnell et al. (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002), 57–78; Susan Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002); Philip Harrison, Marie Huchzermeyer, and Mzwanele Mayekiso, Confronting Fragmentation: Housing and Urban Development in a Democratising Society (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2003).
Ilda Lindell, “The Multiple Sites of Urban Governance: Insights from an African City,” Urban Studies 45, no. 9 (August 2008): 1882, doi:10.1177/0042098008093382.
Edgar Pieterse, City Futures: Confronting the Crisis of Urban Development (London: Zed Books, 2008); F. Demissie, “Imperial Legacies and Postcolonial Predicaments: An Introduction,” African Identities 5, no. 2 (2007): 155–165; AbdouMaliq Simone, “The Dilemmas of Informality for African Governance,” in Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment, ed. Susan Parnell et al. (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002), 294–304; AbdouMaliq Simone, “Urban Circulation and the Everyday Politics of African Urban Youth: The Case of Douala, Cameroon.,” International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 29, no. 3 (2005): 516–532, doi:10.1111/j.1468–2427.2005.00603.x.
Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government; Beall, Crankshaw, and Parnell, Uniting a Divided City; Philip Harrison, Marie Huchzermeyer, and Mzwanele Mayekiso, Confronting Fragmentation.Susan Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government.
Patrick Bond, Cities of Gold, Townships of Coal: Essays on South Africa’s New Urban Crisis (Trenton: Africa World Press, 2000).
Susan Parnell, “Constructing a Developmental Nation—the Challenge of Including the Poor in the Post-apartheid City,” Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 58, no. 1 (2005): 20–44.
Title borrowed from a paper by Caroline Kihato and Loren B. Landau, The Uncaptured Urbanite: Migration and State Power in Johannesburg (Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, Forced Migration Studies Programme [Forced Migration Working Paper Series], 2006).
Yakoob Makda, “From Slum to (financial) Sustainability: Johannesburg’s Better Building Program,” Development Update 5, no. 1 (2004): 180/1.
See City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, “Street Trading By-laws No.179” (City of Johannesburg, 2004), http://www.joburg.org.za/bylaws/streettrading_by-laws.pdf.
See Erica Emdon, “The Limits of Law: Social Rights and Urban Development,” in Emerging Johannesburg, ed. Richard Tomlinson et al., 1st ed. (London: Routledge, 2003), 215–230.
Göran Hydén, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
Roni Amit et al., “National Survey of the Refugee Reception and Status Determination System in South Africa” (Johannesburg: Migrant Rights Monitoring Project Research Report, 2009); Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), “South Africa: Rethinking Asylum,” IRIN news, August 15, 2008, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=79850; CORMSA, Protecting Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Immigrants in South Africa (Johannesburg: CORMSA, 2008).
DHA, “Turnaround Strategy,” in Document Presented to a Briefing of the Joint Committee of Parliament (Cape Town: Department of Home Affairs, 2004).
DHA, “Building a New Home Affairs: An Update on the Transformation Program,” in Presentation to the Select Committee on Social Services (Cape Town: Department of Home Affairs, 2008).
Saskia Sassen, “Globalization or Denationalization?” Review of International Political Economy 10, no. 1 (February 2001): 1–22, doi:10.1080/0969229 032000048853; Saskia Sassen, Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money, First Edition (New York: New Press, 1999); Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
AbdouMaliq Simone, For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities (Durham NC: Duke University Press Books, 2004), 118.
CORMSA, Protecting Refugees; Loren B. Landau and Tamlyn Monson, “Immigration and Subterranean Sovereignty in South African Cities,” in Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty, ed. Anne Clunan and Harold Trinkunas (Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2010), 153–174.
Loren B. Landau, “Inclusion in Shifting Sands: Rethinking Mobility and Belonging in African Cities,” in Urban Diversity: Space, Culture, and Inclusive Pluralism in Cities Worldwide, ed. Caroline Wanjiku Kihato et al., 1st ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 169–186.
John R Short, Urban Theory: A Critical Assessment (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
James C Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, Yale Agrarian Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 3.
See also, Michel Foucault, Power: The Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954–1984 (Essential Works of Foucault 3), ed. James D. Faubion (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 1994); Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas S. Rose, Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Rationalities of Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, 1st ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
Faranaaz Parker, “Jo’burg Sends in Red Ants in Defiance of ConCourt,” The M&G Online, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012–01–18-joburg-sendsin-red-ants-defiance-of-concourt/; Richard Bullard, “Illegal Immigrants Deserve What’s Coming to Them,” Sunday Times, October 19, 2003, 1st ed.; Eric Pelser, “Operation Crackdown: The New Police Strategy,” Nedbank ISS Crime Index 4, no. 2 (2000), http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/CRIMEINDEX/00VOL402/OperatCrackdown.html; Thomas Thale, “Drama as Police Swoop on Inner City Buildings,” City of Joburg, September 25, 2003, http://www.joburg.org.za/2003/spet/sept25_hillbrowswoop.stm.
James C. Scott, “Afterword to ‘Moral Economies, State Spaces, and Categorical Violence’,” American Anthropologist 107, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 399, doi:10.1525/aa.2005.107.3.395.
Veena Das and Deborah Poole, “State and Its Margins: Comparative Ethnographies,” in Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, 1st ed., School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2004), 3–34.
For more on the method used for the study, see Caroline Wanjiku Kihato, “Gender and Migration: Feminist Interventions,” in Now You See Me Now You Don’t: Methodologies and Methods of the Interstices, ed. Ingrid Palmary et al. (London: Zed Books, 2010), 141–162.
Pradeep Jeganathan, “Checkpoint: Anthropology, Identity, and the State,” in Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, 1st ed., School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2004), 194.
Victoria Sanford, “Contesting Displacement in Columbia: Citizenship and State Sovereignty at the Margins,” in Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, 1st ed., School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2004), 253–277; Jeganathan, “Checkpoint”; Daniel Jordan Smith, A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
Anne L Clunan and Harold A Trinkunas, eds., Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in An Era of Softened Sovereignty (Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2010), 8.
Foucault, Power; Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Colin Gordon (London: Pearson Education, 1980); Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas S. Rose, Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism, and Rationalities of Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Burchell, Gordon, and Miller, The Foucault Effect.
Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977); Foucault, Power.
Loren B Landau, “Recognition, Community and the Power of Mobility in Africa’s New Urban Estuaries,” in Mobility and the State in Africa, ed. Darshan Vigneswaran and Joel Quirk (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Forthcoming), 32.
Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh, Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 218.
Ciaran Cronin, “Bourdieu and Foucault on Power and Modernity,” Philosophy & Social Criticism 22, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 56, doi:10.1177/019145379602200603.
Anne Clunan, “Ungoverned Spaces? The Need for Reevaluation,” in Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in An Era of Softened Sovereignty, ed. Anne L Clunan and Harold A Trinkunas (Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2010), 6.
Marie Huchzermeyer, “Housing for the Poor? Negotiated Housing Policy in South Africa,” Habitat International 25, no. 3 (2001): 303–331; Tanya Zack and Sarah Charlton, “Better Off, but... Beneficiaries’ Perceptions of the Government’s Housing Subsidy Scheme” (Unpublished paper prepared for the Department of Housing, Pretoria, 2003).
See Martin J. Murray, Taming the Disorderly City: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg After Apartheid, 2nd ed. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008); Simone, For the City Yet to Come.
Copyright information
© 2013 Caroline Wanjiku Kihato
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kihato, C.W. (2013). The Notice: Rethinking Urban Governance in the Age of Mobility. In: Migrant Women of Johannesburg. Africa Connects. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137299970_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137299970_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45299-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-29997-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)