Skip to main content

The Notice: Rethinking Urban Governance in the Age of Mobility

  • Chapter
Book cover Migrant Women of Johannesburg

Part of the book series: Africa Connects ((AFC))

  • 147 Accesses

Abstract

All too often, policymakers and urban theorists use state weakness to explain persistent urban poverty, inequality, and conflict. Embedded in this approach is a Manichean cognitive frame that constructs African cities and urban spaces in binaries: as well-managed versus mismanaged, as formal versus informal, legal or illegal, or governed versus ungoverned. The resultant analyses suggest that the crises facing many African cities lie with state failures and governments’ inability to provide services, manage diversity, and enforce the law across Africa’s fast growing and fluid cities. If a weak or failed state is the basis of the urban crisis, it stands to reason that a strong state is the cornerstone of good governance, order, effective regulation, and the amelioration of poor socioeconomic conditions.

Ungoverned spaces are not merely areas lacking in governance; rather, they are spaces where territorial state control has been voluntarily or involuntarily ceded to or shared with actors other than legally recognized sovereign authorities.

—Clunan and Trinkunas, 2010, 275

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Richard E Stren and Rodney R White, eds., African Cities in Crisis: Managing Rapid Urban Growth, African Modernization and Development Series v. 5 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989); Mohamed Halfani, “The Challenge of Urban Governance in East Africa: Responding to an Unrelenting Crisis,” in Cities and Governance: New Directions in Latin America, Asia and Africa, ed. Patricia L McCarney (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 183–203; Patricia L. McCarney, Mohamed Halfani, and Alfredo Rodriguez, “Toward an Understanding of Governance: The Emergence of an Idea and Its Implications for Urban Research in Developing Countries,” in Urban Research in the Developing World, Volume 4: Perspectives on the City, eds. Richard Stren and Judith K Bell, 1st ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1995); Patricia L. McCarney, “Considerations of the Notion of ‘Governance’—New Directions for Cities in the Developing World” in Cities and Governance: New Directions in Latin America, Asia and Africa, ed. Patricia L McCarney (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996); Mark Swilling, “Building Democratic Local Urban Governance in Southern Africa,” in Governing Africa’s Cities, ed. Mark Swilling. (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1997), 211–274.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Patricia L McCarney, “Considerations of the Notion of ‘Governance’.” 4.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mark Swilling, “Building Democratic Local Urban Governance in Southern Africa,” in Governing Africa’s Cities, ed. Mark Swilling (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1997), 211–274; Susan Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002); Jo Beall, Owen Crankshaw, and Susan Parnell, Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg (London: Routledge, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Steven Friedman, “A Quest for Control: High Modernism and Its Discontents in Johannesburg, South Africa,” in Urban Governance Around the World, ed. Ruble A. Blair, et al. (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Int. Ctr for Scholars, 2005), 31–68; Steven Friedman, “A Voice Is Heard in the City: Inclusive Cities and Citizen Voice,” in Urban Diversity: Space, Culture, and Inclusive Pluralism in Cities Worldwide, ed. Caroline Wanjiku Kihato et al., 1st ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 341–360.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tom Lodge, “The South African Local Government Elections of December 2000,” Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 28, no. 1 (May 2001): 21–46, doi:10.1080/02589340120058085.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Philip Harrison, “Integrated Development Plans and Third Way Politics,” in Democracy and Delivery: Urban Policy in South Africa, ed. Udesh Pillay, Richard Tomlinson, and Jacques du Toit (Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council, 2006), 186–207; Philip Harrison, “The Genealogy of South Africa’s Integrated Development Plan,” Third World Planning Review 23, no. 2 (2001): 175–193.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ministry for Provincial Affairs and Constitutional Development, The White Paper on Local Government (Pretoria: CTP Book Printers, 1998); Ivor Chipkin, “A Developmental Role for Local Government,” in Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment, ed. Susan Parnell et al. (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002), 57–78; Susan Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002); Philip Harrison, Marie Huchzermeyer, and Mzwanele Mayekiso, Confronting Fragmentation: Housing and Urban Development in a Democratising Society (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ilda Lindell, “The Multiple Sites of Urban Governance: Insights from an African City,” Urban Studies 45, no. 9 (August 2008): 1882, doi:10.1177/0042098008093382.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Edgar Pieterse, City Futures: Confronting the Crisis of Urban Development (London: Zed Books, 2008); F. Demissie, “Imperial Legacies and Postcolonial Predicaments: An Introduction,” African Identities 5, no. 2 (2007): 155–165; AbdouMaliq Simone, “The Dilemmas of Informality for African Governance,” in Democratising Local Government: The South African Experiment, ed. Susan Parnell et al. (Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 2002), 294–304; AbdouMaliq Simone, “Urban Circulation and the Everyday Politics of African Urban Youth: The Case of Douala, Cameroon.,” International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 29, no. 3 (2005): 516–532, doi:10.1111/j.1468–2427.2005.00603.x.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government; Beall, Crankshaw, and Parnell, Uniting a Divided City; Philip Harrison, Marie Huchzermeyer, and Mzwanele Mayekiso, Confronting Fragmentation.Susan Parnell et al., Democratising Local Government.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Patrick Bond, Cities of Gold, Townships of Coal: Essays on South Africa’s New Urban Crisis (Trenton: Africa World Press, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Susan Parnell, “Constructing a Developmental Nation—the Challenge of Including the Poor in the Post-apartheid City,” Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 58, no. 1 (2005): 20–44.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Title borrowed from a paper by Caroline Kihato and Loren B. Landau, The Uncaptured Urbanite: Migration and State Power in Johannesburg (Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, Forced Migration Studies Programme [Forced Migration Working Paper Series], 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yakoob Makda, “From Slum to (financial) Sustainability: Johannesburg’s Better Building Program,” Development Update 5, no. 1 (2004): 180/1.

    Google Scholar 

  15. See City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, “Street Trading By-laws No.179” (City of Johannesburg, 2004), http://www.joburg.org.za/bylaws/streettrading_by-laws.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  16. See Erica Emdon, “The Limits of Law: Social Rights and Urban Development,” in Emerging Johannesburg, ed. Richard Tomlinson et al., 1st ed. (London: Routledge, 2003), 215–230.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Göran Hydén, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Roni Amit et al., “National Survey of the Refugee Reception and Status Determination System in South Africa” (Johannesburg: Migrant Rights Monitoring Project Research Report, 2009); Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), “South Africa: Rethinking Asylum,” IRIN news, August 15, 2008, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=79850; CORMSA, Protecting Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Immigrants in South Africa (Johannesburg: CORMSA, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  19. DHA, “Turnaround Strategy,” in Document Presented to a Briefing of the Joint Committee of Parliament (Cape Town: Department of Home Affairs, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  20. DHA, “Building a New Home Affairs: An Update on the Transformation Program,” in Presentation to the Select Committee on Social Services (Cape Town: Department of Home Affairs, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Saskia Sassen, “Globalization or Denationalization?” Review of International Political Economy 10, no. 1 (February 2001): 1–22, doi:10.1080/0969229 032000048853; Saskia Sassen, Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money, First Edition (New York: New Press, 1999); Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  22. AbdouMaliq Simone, For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities (Durham NC: Duke University Press Books, 2004), 118.

    Google Scholar 

  23. CORMSA, Protecting Refugees; Loren B. Landau and Tamlyn Monson, “Immigration and Subterranean Sovereignty in South African Cities,” in Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty, ed. Anne Clunan and Harold Trinkunas (Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2010), 153–174.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Loren B. Landau, “Inclusion in Shifting Sands: Rethinking Mobility and Belonging in African Cities,” in Urban Diversity: Space, Culture, and Inclusive Pluralism in Cities Worldwide, ed. Caroline Wanjiku Kihato et al., 1st ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 169–186.

    Google Scholar 

  25. John R Short, Urban Theory: A Critical Assessment (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  26. James C Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, Yale Agrarian Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  27. See also, Michel Foucault, Power: The Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954–1984 (Essential Works of Foucault 3), ed. James D. Faubion (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 1994); Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas S. Rose, Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Rationalities of Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, 1st ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Faranaaz Parker, “Jo’burg Sends in Red Ants in Defiance of ConCourt,” The M&G Online, 2012, http://mg.co.za/article/2012–01–18-joburg-sendsin-red-ants-defiance-of-concourt/; Richard Bullard, “Illegal Immigrants Deserve What’s Coming to Them,” Sunday Times, October 19, 2003, 1st ed.; Eric Pelser, “Operation Crackdown: The New Police Strategy,” Nedbank ISS Crime Index 4, no. 2 (2000), http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/CRIMEINDEX/00VOL402/OperatCrackdown.html; Thomas Thale, “Drama as Police Swoop on Inner City Buildings,” City of Joburg, September 25, 2003, http://www.joburg.org.za/2003/spet/sept25_hillbrowswoop.stm.

    Google Scholar 

  29. James C. Scott, “Afterword to ‘Moral Economies, State Spaces, and Categorical Violence’,” American Anthropologist 107, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 399, doi:10.1525/aa.2005.107.3.395.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, “State and Its Margins: Comparative Ethnographies,” in Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, 1st ed., School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2004), 3–34.

    Google Scholar 

  31. For more on the method used for the study, see Caroline Wanjiku Kihato, “Gender and Migration: Feminist Interventions,” in Now You See Me Now You Don’t: Methodologies and Methods of the Interstices, ed. Ingrid Palmary et al. (London: Zed Books, 2010), 141–162.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pradeep Jeganathan, “Checkpoint: Anthropology, Identity, and the State,” in Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, 1st ed., School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2004), 194.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Victoria Sanford, “Contesting Displacement in Columbia: Citizenship and State Sovereignty at the Margins,” in Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Veena Das and Deborah Poole, 1st ed., School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2004), 253–277; Jeganathan, “Checkpoint”; Daniel Jordan Smith, A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Anne L Clunan and Harold A Trinkunas, eds., Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in An Era of Softened Sovereignty (Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2010), 8.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Foucault, Power; Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Colin Gordon (London: Pearson Education, 1980); Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne, and Nikolas S. Rose, Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism, and Rationalities of Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Burchell, Gordon, and Miller, The Foucault Effect.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977); Foucault, Power.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Loren B Landau, “Recognition, Community and the Power of Mobility in Africa’s New Urban Estuaries,” in Mobility and the State in Africa, ed. Darshan Vigneswaran and Joel Quirk (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Forthcoming), 32.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh, Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 218.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ciaran Cronin, “Bourdieu and Foucault on Power and Modernity,” Philosophy & Social Criticism 22, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 56, doi:10.1177/019145379602200603.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Anne Clunan, “Ungoverned Spaces? The Need for Reevaluation,” in Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in An Era of Softened Sovereignty, ed. Anne L Clunan and Harold A Trinkunas (Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2010), 6.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Marie Huchzermeyer, “Housing for the Poor? Negotiated Housing Policy in South Africa,” Habitat International 25, no. 3 (2001): 303–331; Tanya Zack and Sarah Charlton, “Better Off, but... Beneficiaries’ Perceptions of the Government’s Housing Subsidy Scheme” (Unpublished paper prepared for the Department of Housing, Pretoria, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  42. See Martin J. Murray, Taming the Disorderly City: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg After Apartheid, 2nd ed. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008); Simone, For the City Yet to Come.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 2013 Caroline Wanjiku Kihato

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kihato, C.W. (2013). The Notice: Rethinking Urban Governance in the Age of Mobility. In: Migrant Women of Johannesburg. Africa Connects. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137299970_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics