Abstract
The literature on external democratization or democracy promotion1 has gone through different phases. During the heyday of Huntington’s famous ‘third wave of democratization’ (Huntington, 1991), external influence on regime transformation was not dealt with as a major factor. There were a few exceptions (see, for example, Whitehead, 1986), but in general regime transition was conceptualized predominantly as a domestic affair. By the mid 1990s, when the European Union (EU) and other international organizations made it clear that they would link the membership ambitions of new democracies to the real existence of certain democratic institutions, the perspective changed. The external dimension of democratization and democratic consolidation, and in particular the influence by Western dominated organizations, attracted more attention from political actors and scholars. Governments and, for example, the European Commission started to design programs to enhance the capacity of transition regimes for democratic governance and implemented tools to export institutions and values thought compatible with sustainable democratization (Carothers, 1999; Burnell, 2000).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
E. Ademmer (2013), A Third Rejoices: Russia, the EU, and Policy Transfer to the Post-Soviet Space Berlin, Doctoral Dissertation (Freie Universität).
F. Adloff (2005), Zivilgesellschaft. Theorie und politische Praxis, Frankfurt: Campus.
J. Alexander (2000), Political Culture in Post-communist Russia: Formlessness and Recreation in a Traumatic Transition, Houndmills: MacMillan Press.
A. Aslund (2001), ‘The Advantage of Radical Reform,’ Journal of Democracy, 12, 42–8.
T. Beichelt (2011), ‘Forms of Rule in the Post-Soviet Space: Hybrid Regimes,’ in S. Srewart, M. Klein, A. Schmitz & H.-H. Schröder (eds.) President, Oligarchs and Bureaucrats: Forms of Rule in the Post-Soviet Space, London: Ashgate.
T. Beichelt (2012), ‘The Research Field of Democracy Promotion,’ Living Reviews in Democracy 3, http://democracy.livingreviews.org/index.php/lrd.
A.L. Binnendijk & I. Marovic (2006), ‘Power and Resuasion: Nonviolent Strategies to Influence State Security Forces in Serbia (2000) and Ukraine (2004),’ Communist and Postcommunist Studies, 39, 411–29.
T.A. Börzel & T. Risse (2009), Venus Approaching Mars? The European Union as an Emerging Civilian World Power, Berlin, Berliner Arbeitspapier zur Europäischen Integration Nr. 11.
V.J. Bunce & S.L. Wolchik (2009), ‘Democratization by Elections? Postcommunist Ambiguities,’ Journal of Democracy, 20, 93–107.
V.J. Bunce & S.L. Wolchik (2010), ‘Defeating Dictators. Electoral Chance and Stability in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes,’ World Politics, 62, 43–86.
P. Burnell (ed.) (2000) Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization, London: Frank Cass.
T. Carothers (1999), Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, Washington: Carnegie.
T. Carothers & M. Ottaway (2000), Funding Virtue: Civil Society Aid and Democracy Promotion, Washington: Carnegie.
J.L. Cohen & A. Arato (1992), Civil Society and Political Theory, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
M. Cox, G.J. Ikenberry & T. Inoguchi (eds) (2000), American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies and Impacts, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
R. Dahrendorf (1992), ‘Die Zukunft der Bürgergesellschaft,’ in B. Guggenberger & K. Hansen (eds) Die Mitte. Vermessungen in Politik und Kultur, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
N. Deitelhoff (2006), Überzeugung in der Politik, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
L. Diamond (2002), ‘Thinking About Hybrid Regimes,’ Journal of Democracy, 13, 21–35.
EBRD (1999), Transition Report 1999. Ten Years of Transition, London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
A.B. Evans (2012), ‘Protests and Civil Society in Russia: The Struggle for the Khimki Forest,’ Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45, 233–42.
S.E. Finkel, A. Perez-Linan & M.A. Seligson (2007), The Effects of US Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building. World Politics, 59, 404–39.
C. Gill (ed.) (1998), Elites and Leadership in Russian Politics, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
J. Habermas (1992), Faktizität und Geltung, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
R. Heller (2008), Normensozialisation in Russland. Chancen und Grenzen europäischer Menschenrechtspolitik gegenüber der Russländischen Föderation, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
S.L. Henderson (2003), Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for Grassroots Organizations, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
J. Higley & R. Gunther (eds) (1992), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
M.M. Howard (2003), The Weakness of Postcommunist Civil Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
P.N. Howard & M.M. Hussain (2011), ‘The Role of the Digital Media,’ Journal of Democracy, 22, 35–48.
S.P. Huntington (1991), The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
A. Ishkanian (2008), Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia, Abingdon: Routledge.
M.A. Jamal (2012), ‘Democracy Promotion, Civil Society Building, and the Primacy of Politics,’ Comparative Political Studies, 45, 3–31.
T.L. Karl (1995), ‘The Hybrid Regimes of Central America,’ Journal of Democracy, 6, 72–86.
R. Katz & P. Mair (1995), How Parties Organize. Change and Adaptations in Western Democracies, London.
J. Keane (1988), Civil Society and the State. New European Perspectives, London/New York: Verso.
J. Keane (2003), Global Civil Society? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
M. Keck & K. Sikkink (1999), ‘Transnational Advocacy Networks in International and Regional Politics,’ International Social Science Journal, 51, 89–101.
N. Konradova & M. Kaluzskij (2010), ‘Russlands öffentliche (Blogo-)Sphäre. Bloggen als soziale Praxis, Folgen für das Netz,’ Osteuropa, 60, 153–62.
S.J. Kullberg & W. Zimmerman (1999), ‘Liberal Elites, Socialist Masses, and Problems of Russian Democracy,’ World Politics, 51, 323–58.
H-.J. Lauth & W. Merkel (1997), ‘Zivilgesellschaft und Transformation. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag in revisionistischer Absicht,’ Forschungsjournal NSB, 10, 12–34.
J. Linz (1990), ‘Transitions to Democracy,’ Washington Quarterly, 13, 143–64.
O. Lutsevych (2013), How to Finish a Revolution: Civil Society and Democracy in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, London: Chatham House (http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/188407).
A. Magen & M. McFoul (2009), ‘Introduction: American and European Strategies to Promote Democracy — Shared Values, Common Challenges, Divergent Tools,’ in A. Magen, T. Risse & M.A. McFaul (eds.) Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law. American and European Strategies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
S.E. Mendelson & J.K. Glenn (eds) (2002), The Power and Limits of NGOs. A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, New York: Columbia University Press.
W. Merkel (2002), ‘Civil Society and Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe,’ Central European Political Science Review, 3, 78–100.
W. Merkel (2004), ‘Embedded and Defective Democracies,’ Democratization, 14, 33–58.
W. Merkel (2010), Systemtransformation. Eine Einführung in die Theorie und Empirie der Transformationsforschung, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
J. Møller & S-.E. Skaaning (2009), ‘Mapping Contemporary Forms of Autocracy,’ Totalitarianism and Democracy, 6, 253–70.
D. Newman & R. Rich (eds) (2004), The UN Role in Promoting Democracy between Ideals and Reality, Tokyo/New York/Paris: United Nations University Press.
C. Pateman (1970), Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
G. Pridham (2005), Designing Democracy: EU Enlargement and Regime Change in Post-Communist Europe, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
R. Putnam (2000), Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.
R.D. Putnam (1993), Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
E. Schimmelfennig (2005), ‘Strategic Calculation and International Socialization: Membership Incentives, Party Constellations, and Sustained Compliance in Central and Eastern Europe,’ International Organization, 59, 827–60.
F. Schimmelfennig, S. Engert & H. Knobel (2006), International Socialization in Europe. European Organizations, Political Conditionality, and Democratic Change, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
F. Schimmelfennig & H. Scholtz (2008), ‘EU Democracy Promotion in the European Neighborhood. Political Conditionality, Economic Development and Transnational Exchange,’ European Union Politics, 9, 187–215.
PJ. Schraeder & H. Redissi (2011), ‘Ben Ali’s Fall,’ Journal of Democracy, 22, 5–19.
S. Stewart (2009), ‘Zivilgesellschaftliche Demokratieförderung der Europäischen Union: Estland, Makedonien und die Ukraine im Vergleich,’ in G. Erdmann, & M. Kneuer (eds) Externe Faktoren der Demokratisierung, Baden-Baden: Nomos.
C. Taylor (1994), ‘Der Begriff der ‘bürgerlichen Gesellschaft’ im politischen Denken des Westens,’ in M. Brumlik & H. Brunkhorst (eds) Gemeinschaft und Gerechtigkeit, Frankfurt: Fischer.
A. Van Rooy (ed.) (1998), Civil Society and the Aid Industry, London: Earthscan Publications.
G. White (1994), ‘Civil Society, Democratization and Development (I): Clearing the Analytical Ground,’ Democratization, 1, 375–90.
L. Whitehead (1986), ‘International Aspects of Democratization,’ in G.A. O’donnell, P.C. Schmitter & L. Whitehead (eds) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Perspectives, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
O. Williamson (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press.
J. Wolff (2012), ‘Democracy Promotion, Empowerment, and Self-Determination: Conflicting objectives in US and German policies towards Bolivia,’ Democratization, 19, 415–37.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Timm Beichelt and Wolfgang Merkel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beichelt, T., Merkel, W. (2014). Democracy Promotion and Civil Society: Regime Types, Transitions Modes and Effects. In: Beichelt, T., Hahn-Fuhr, I., Schimmelfennig, F., Worschech, S. (eds) Civil Society and Democracy Promotion. Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291097_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291097_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-45072-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-29109-7
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political Science CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)