Skip to main content

The Sociopolitical Contexts Affecting Police-Community Engagement in Northern Ireland, Britain, and the United States

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Counterterrorism is a challenging arena characterized by deep disagreements regarding “truth,” tactics, and the appropriate roles of governments and communities. Despite this, as a state-led national and international approach to conflict, counterterrorism tends, in fairly black-and-white terms, to situate terrorism as the “problem” and “terrorists” as the enemy. The politically charged calls to defeat terrorism are replete with diametric language, such as former president Bush’s argument that the world is cleanly divided in matters of terrorism: you are either for us or against us. This simplistic characterization, however attractive it may be to some, overshadows the complexities that confront governments, police, nongovernmental organizations, and communities in their efforts to work collaboratively to reduce violence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adelman, Madelaine, Edna Erez, and Nadera Shalboud-Kevorkian. 2003. “Policing Violence against Minority Women in Multicultural Societies: ‘Community’ and the Politics of Exclusion.” Police and Society 7: 105–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, Abdul Haqq. 2011. Extremists in Our Midst: Confronting Terror. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Breen Smyth, Mary. 2007. “A Critical Research Agenda for the Study of Political Terror.” European Political Science 6 (3): 260–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, Rachel, Catherine Fieschi, and Hannah Lownsbrough. 2006. Bringing It Home: Community-Based Approaches to Counter-Terrorism. Demos. London: Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bright, Martin. 2007. When Progressives Treat with Reactionaries: The British State’s Flirtation with Radical Islam. London: Policy Exchange.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, Jean-Paul, and Benoit Dupont. 2006. “Knowledge Workers or ‘Knowledge’ Workers?” Policing and Society 16 (1): 7–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, Noam. 1991. “International Terrorism: Image and Reality.” In Western State Terrorism. Edited by Alexander George. 12–38. Oxford: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury, Tufyal, and Helen Fenwick. 2011. TheImpactofCounter-Terrorism Measures on Muslim Communities. London: Equality and Human Rights Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs, Jorg. 2006. “Defining the International Public Enemy: The Political Struggle behind the Legal Debate on International Terrorism.” Leiden Journal of International Law 19 (1): 69–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, James. 2000. Violence: Reflections on Our Deadliest Epidemic. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, James. 2001. Preventing Violence: Prospects for Tomorrow. London: Thames and Hudson

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, Herman. 1979. “Improving Policing, A Problem-Oriented Approach.” Crime and Delinquency 25 (2): 236–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, Graham, and Mary O’ Rawe. 2010. “Security Governance in Transition: The Compartmentalising, Crowding Out and Corralling of Policing and Security in Northern Ireland.” Theoretical Criminology 14 (1): 31–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamber, Brandon, Paddy Hillyard, Amy Maguire, Monica McWilliams, Gillian Robinson, David Russell, and Margaret Ward. 2006. “Discourses in Transition: Re-Imagining Women’s Security.” International Relations 20 (4): 487–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, David. 2010. “Law Enforcement and Intelligence Gathering in Muslim and Immigrant Communities After 9/11.” New York University Review of Law and Social Change 34: 123–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, S. 2010. Snitch ! A History of the Modern Intelligence Informer. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, Mary, Lyn Thomas, Sara Silvestri, and Henri Nickels. 2011. “Suspect Communities”? Counter-Terrorism Policy, the Press, and the Impact on Irish and Muslim Communities in Britain. London: London Metropolitan University. http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/iset/Suspect %20 Communities%20Findings%20July2011.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • HM Government. 2011. CONTEST: The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Counterterrorism. London: The Stationery Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/counter-terrorism/counter-terrorismstrategy/strategy- contest?view=Bin ary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Independent Commission on Policing. 1999. A New Beginning for Policing: Northern Ireland Report of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland. Belfast: The Stationery Office. http://www.nio.gov.uk/a_new_beginning_in_policing_in_northern_ireland.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes, Martin. 2006. “Policing Uncertainty: Countering Terror through Community Intelligence and Democratic Policing.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 (1): 222–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, Martin, and Darren Thiel. 2011. “Policing Terror.” In Handbook of Policing. Second Edition. Edited by Tim Newburn. 553–579. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes, Martin, Colin Roberts, and Helen Innes, with Trudy Lowe and Suraj Lakhani. 2011. Assessing the Effects of Prevent Policing: A Report to the Association of Chief Police Officers. London: The Association of Chief Police Officers. http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/TAM/2011/PREVENT %20Innes%200311%20Final%20send%202.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, Richard. 2008. “An Argument for Terrorism.” Perspectives on Terrorism 2 (2): 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jutila, Matti. 2006. “Desecuritizing Minority Rights: Against Determinism.” Security Dialogue 37 (2): 167–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellner, Douglas. 2004. “9/11, Spectacles of Terror, and Media Manipulation.” Critical Discourse Studies 1 (1): 41–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kundnani, Arun. 2009. Spooked! How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism. London: Institute of Race Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, Robert. 2008. “Empowering Salafis and Islamists against Al-Qaida: A London Counter-Terrorism Case Study.” PS: Political Science and Politics 41 (1): 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, Robert. 2011. Countering Al-Qaeda in London: Police and Muslims in Partnership. London: Hurst and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, Robert. 2012. “Time to End Exceptional Security Policies Targeting Muslims: They Don’tWwork,.” Open Democracy, February 28. http://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/robert-lambert/time-to-endexceptional-security-policies-targeting-muslims-they-dont-wo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasker, Roz, and Elisa Weiss. 2003. “Broadening Participation in Community Problem Solving: A Multidisciplinary Model to Support Collaborative Practice and Research.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 80 (1): 14–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, Laura Zahra. 2011. “Listening to the Experts: Muslim Youth Work in the UK and Its Implication for Security.” Religion, State and Society, Special Edition. Edited by B. Spalek and M. Shterin. 177–190. 2/3 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, Kieran, and Peter Shirlow. 2009. “Reimagining DDR: Ex-Combatants, Leadership and Moral Agency in Conflict Transforma tion.” Theoretical Criminology 13 (1): 31–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, Mark, and Angela Tobin. 2010. Countering Terror or Counter-Productive: Comparing Irish and British Muslim Experiences of Counterinsurgency Law and Policy. Report of a Symposium held in Cult ú rlann McAdam Ó Fiaich, Falls Road, Belfast, June 23–24, 2009. Edge Hill University, Ormskirk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meares, Tracy. 2002. “Praying for Community Policing.” California Law Review 90: 1593–1634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mika, Harry. 2006. Community Based Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Queens University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, David, and Tom Mills. 2009. “The Terror Experts and the Mainstream Media: The Expert Nexus and Its Dominance in the News Media.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 2 (3): 414–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, Nigel. 2010. “Anti-Terrorism Law Arrests Fail to Secure Convictions.” The Independent, August 13. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/antiterrorism-law-arrests-fail-to-secureconvictions-2051336.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, Robert S. 2006. “Critical Partnerships, Fighting Crime Together.” Speech, Boston, Massachusetts, October 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Rawe, Mary. 2010. “The Importance of Gender in the Transformation of Policing.” In Policing the Narrow Ground: Lessons from the Transformation of Policing in Northern Ireland. Edited by John Doyle. 212–241. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. 2008. Good Practices in Building Police-Public Partnerships. Austria: Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe, Office of the Secretary General. http://www.osce.org/spmu/32547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantazis, Christina, and Pemberton, Simon. 2009. “From the ‘Old’ to the ‘New Suspect’ Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation.” British Journal of Criminology 49 (5): 646–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, Deborah, Sasha O’Connell, and Rabia Zafar. 2004. Developing Partnerships between Law Enforcement and American Muslim, Arab, and Sikh Communities: A Promising Practices Guide Executive Summary. Boston: Northeastern University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, Deborah, Tara Lai Quinlan, Sean Malloy, and Taylor Shutt. 2012. “Community Partnerships Thwart Terrorism.” In Preventing Ideological Violence. Edited by P. Daniel Silk. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, Alex, and A. J. Jongman. 1988. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishers Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silk, Phillip Daniel. 2010. Planning Outreach between Muslim Communities and Police in the US and the UK. University of Georgia. /pdfs/silk_phillip_d_201005_phd/silk_phillip_d_201005_phd. pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalek, Basia. 2010. “Community Policing, Trust and Muslim Communities in Relation to ‘New Terrorism.’” Politics and Policy 38 (4): 789–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spalek, Basia. 2013. Governing Terror: Community, Trust and Counter-Terrorism. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalek, Basia, and Alia Imtoual. 2007. “Muslim Communities and Counter-Terror Responses: ‘Hard’ Approaches to Community Engagement in the UK and Australia.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 27 (2): 185–202. Doi 10. 1080 /13602000701536117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spalek, Basia, Laura McDonald, and Salwa El Awa. 2011. Preventing Religio -Political Extremism Amongst Muslim Youth: A Study Exploring Police-Community Partnership. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spalek, Basia, and Robert Lambert. 2008. “Muslim Communities Under Surveillance.” Criminal Justice Matters 68 (1): 12–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spalek, Basia, Salwa El Awa, and Laura McDonald. 2009. Engagement and Partnership Work in a Counter-Terrorism Context. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thacher, David. 2005. “The Local Role in Homeland Security.” Law and Society Review 39 (3): 635–676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiel, Darren. 2009. “Policing Terrorism: A Review of the Evidence.” In The Police Foundation. London: The Police Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, Sara. 2010. Project Champion Review. Thames Valley Police. http://www.west-midlands.police.uk/latest-news/docs/Champion_Review_FINAL_30_09_10.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, Tom, Stephen Schulhofer, and Aziz Huq. 2010 “Legitimacy and Deterrence Effects in Counterterrorism Policing: A Study of Muslim Americans.” Law and Society Review 44 (2): 365–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The White House. 2011a. National Strategy for CounterTerrorism. Washington, DC: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/counterterrorism _strategy.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • The White House. 2011b. Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States. Washington, DC: The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/empowering_local_partners.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, Paul. 2006. Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. Second Edition. Oxon: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

P. Daniel Silk Basia Spalek Mary O’Rawe

Copyright information

© 2013 P. Daniel Silk, Basia Spalek, and Mary O’Rawe

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Quinlan, T.L., Spalek, B., O’Rawe, M. (2013). The Sociopolitical Contexts Affecting Police-Community Engagement in Northern Ireland, Britain, and the United States. In: Silk, P.D., Spalek, B., O’Rawe, M. (eds) Preventing Ideological Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137290380_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics