Propaganda: Origins, Development and Utilization

Abstract

The use of the electronic media, radio in particular, to promote causes, propagate ideologies, define or develop discourses of identity and also of ‘otherness’, ridicule, demonize, dehumanize and incite hatred and even violent action was a product of the technological advances of the 20th century. But the development of human discourses of identity and difference, the propagation of ideologies of enmity, hatred and violence go back to the start of human communication. So, inevitably, any study of the propagation of hatred as the extreme end of the propaganda spectrum must chart the development of propaganda, study its content, understand the ways in which it is utilized and try to identify where, how and, if possible, why it can develop into the incitement of extreme forms of hatred and violence.

Propaganda is not a modern invention. Ever since men have lived in communities, the propagandist has attempted to convince his audience of the righteousness of his cause and of the weakness, falsity and wickedness of the opponent’s position. A limited audience could be secured by word of mouth. Pictures and then writing extended that audience. But the printed word was necessary before propaganda could assume its modern importance. Martin Luther’s pamphlets are early examples of the new weapon’s power. Now the circle has been completed. The radio has restored the predominant influence of the spoken word, while it has immeasurably increased the size of its audience.

(Beller, 1940, p. 3)