Skip to main content

Virtually There: The Paradox of Proximity

  • Chapter
Book cover Relationships in Organizations

Abstract

Being close to others is great. Close colleagues at work give us comfort and security when things around us are changing. We confide in close friends and they share their secrets (and gossip) with us. While we think of friends as being “near’*’ to us, we can also stay “close” to those far away. Alternatively, we may feel “distant” from someone sitting right next to us (Turkic, 2011). This is the paradox of proximity. While both sides of the paradox have existed as long as there have been human relationships, both are accentuated in a world of increasingly ubiquitous connectivity. For instance, using Internet video calling, we can feel closer than ever to those far away. Moreover, such technologies are lowT cost or even free to use. Paradoxically, connective technologies make it possible to sit in the same room with people who are texting or using social media with others around the world, while ignoring those sitting right beside them! In addition to our collocated friends, social networking sites allow us to socialize virtually with just about anyone, just about anywhere. But, virtual friendships and work present both opportunities and challenges for organizations (Morrison & Wright, 2009 and other authors in this volume).

The University of Auckland Business School

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Atchley, P. (2010). You can’t multitask, so stop trying. Harvard Business Review, December 21. Retrieved from http://b1ogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/12/you_caTil_ muliitask_so_s top_tr.html

  • Avolio, B., Kabai, S., & Dodge, G. (2000). E-leadersbip: Implications Cor theory, research and practice, The Leadership Quarterly, 11 (4), 61.5–668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barley, S. R. (1986). Technology as an occasion for structuring: Evidence from observation of CT scanners and the social order of radiology departments, Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 78–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barley, S. R., Meyerson, D. E., & Grodal, S. (2011). E-mail as source and symbol of stress, Organization Science. 22(4). 887–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, N. S. (2008). Always On: Language in an Online, and Mobile World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Baym, N. K. (2010). Personal Connections in the Digital Age. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijker, W. E. & Pinch, P. (1987). The Social Construction of Fads and Artifacts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brass, D.J. & Burkhaidt, M. E. (1992). Centraiity and power in organizations: in N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (eds) Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockman, J. (ed.) (2011). {atIs the ‘internet Changing the Way You Think?: The Net’s Impact on Our Minds and Future. New York: Harper Perennial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caimcross, R (1997, 2001). The Death of Distance: How the Communications Resolution is Changing Our Lives (2n1 ed.). Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cair, N. (2010). The Shallows: How the ‘internet is Changing the Way We Think, Read and Remember. London: Atlantic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caslells, M. (2000). The Rise of the Network Society (Vol. 1, 2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caslells, M,, Femandez-Ardevol, M., Qiu, J. 1.., & Sey, A. (2007). Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. D. & Kolb, D. G. (2012a). Innovation in distributed learns: The duality of connectivity norms and human agency: in C. Kellilier & J. Richardson (eds) New Ways of Organizing Work: Developments, Perspectives and Experiences (pp. 140–159). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. D. & Kolb, D. G. (2012b, 7 August). Requisite Connectivity in Distributed Teams Engaged in Exploitative and Explorative Innovation. Presented ai the meeting of the Academy of Management, Bosion, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousins, K. C. & Robey, D. (2005). Human agency in a wireless world: Patterns of technology use in nomadic computing environments, Information and Organization, 15(2), 151–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, R. (1997). Language, space and information: in P. Droege (ed.) Intelligent Environments: Spatial Aspects of the Information Revolution (pp. 495–517). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. N. (2008). Leading groups from a distance: How to mitigate consequences of geographic dispersion: in S. Weisband (ed.) Leadership at a Distance: Research in Technologically-Supported Work (pp. 33–50). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daft, R. & Lenge, J. R. (1986). Organisational information requirements, media richness, and structural design, Management Science, 32(5), 554–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeSanetis, G. & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use: Adaptive structuration theory, Organization Science, 5(2), 121–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, J. A., Williams, R. J., & Martinez, N. D. (2002). Food-Web Structure and Network Theory: The Role of Connectance and Size. Presented at the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emirbayer, M. & Mische, A. (1993). What is agency? The American journal of Sociology, 103(4), 962–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiol, C. M. & O’Connor, E.J. (2005). Identification in facc-io-face, hybrid and pure virtual teams: Untangling the contradictions. Organization Science, 16(1), 19–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. (2004, April). Internetworking, Technology Review, 107\i), 44–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Oxford: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties, American journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, R. (2010). Texture: Human Expression in the Age of Communications Overload. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ililtz, S. R. SrTurof’f’, M. (1993). The Network Nation: Human Communication Via Computer (2nd ed.). Boston: M.I.T. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutch by, I. (2001). Technologies, texts and afford an ces, Sociology, 35(2), 441–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. R. & Karsten, H. (2008). Giddens’s structuration theory and information systems research, MIS Quarterly, 32(1), 127–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilduff, M., Grassland, C., Tsai, W., & Kiackhardt, D. (‘20081. Organizational network perceptions versus reality: A small world after all? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 107, 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilduff, M., Tsai, W., & Hanke, R. (2006). A paradigm too far?: A dynamic stability reconsideration of the social network research program. Academy of Management Review, 31(A), 1031–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Gibson, C. B,, Tesluk, P. E., & McPherson, S. O. (2002). Five challenges to virtual team success: Lessons from Sabre, înc, Academy of Management Executive, 16(3), 67–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B.f Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, G. B. (2004). The impact of empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating effect of face-to-face interaction, Academy of Management journal, 47(2), 175–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinfeld, J. S. (2002). Could it be a big world after all?: The “six degrees of separation”’ myth. Society, 39, 61–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. G. (2007). Redefining distance: Why the world is not liai, and distance can never be “dead”. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the 2nd Symposium on Globally Distributed Work, Bangalore, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. G. (2008). Exploring the metaphor of connectivity: Attributes, dimensions and duality, Organization Studies, 29(1), 127–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. G., Caza, A., & Collins, P. D. (2012). States of connectivity: New questions and new directions, Organization Studies, 33(2), 267–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. G. & Collins, P. D. (2011). Managing personal connectivity: Finding flow for regenerative knowledge creation: in G. Gorman St D. Pauleen leds) Personal Knowledge Management: Individual, Organizational and Social Perspectives (pp. 1 29-142). Surrey, England: Go wer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. G., Collins, P. D., & Lind, E. A. (2008). Requisite connectivity: Finding flow in a not-so-llat world, Organizational Dynamics, 37(2), 181–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. G., Prussia, G., & Francoeur, J. A. (2009). Leadership and connectivity: The influence of on-line activity on closeness and effectiveness, journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15(4), 342–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiackhardt, D. (1990). Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition, and power in organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 342–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krackhardt, D. (1992). The strength of strong ties: The importance of Philos in organizations: in N. Nohria Si R. G. Eccles (eds) Networks and Organizations (pp. 216–239). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krackhardl, D. Si Kilduff, M. (1999). Whether close or Car: Social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks, journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 770–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurland, N. B. & Bailey, D. E. (1999). Teiework: The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime, Organizational Dynamics, 28, 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi, P. M. & Barley, S. R. (2010). What’s under construction here? Social action, materiality, and power in construct!vist studies of technology and organizing, The Academy of Management Annals, 4(1), 1–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacCormick, J., Dery, K.,, & Kolb, D. G. (2012). Engaged or just connected?: Smartphones and employee engagement, Organizational Dynamics, 47(3), 194–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majchrzak, A., Malhotra, A., Stamps, J., & Lipnack, J. (2004). Can absence make a team grow stronger? Harvard Business Review, 82(5), 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marche, S. (‘2012, May). Is Facebook making us lonely? The Atlantic, 309(4), 60–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquis. C. (‘2003). The pressure of the past: Networking imprinting in intercorporate communities, Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(4), 655–689.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins, L. L., Gilson, L. L., & Maynard, M. T. (2004). Virtual teams: What do we know and where do we go from here? journal of Management, 30(6), 805–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazmanian, M.,, Orlikovvski, W. J., & Yates, J. (2013). The autonomy paradox: The implications of mobile email devices for knowledge professionals, Organization Science, forthcoming; doi: org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maznevski, M. L. & Chudoba, K. M. (2000). Bridging space over time: Global virtual team dynamics and effectiveness, Organization Science, 11(5), 473–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, M. L. (2003). Getting by with the advice of their friends: CEO’s advice networks and firms’ strategic responses to poor performance, Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(1), 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M., Smith-Lovirt, L., & Brashears, M. E. (2006). Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades, American Sociological Review, 71, 353–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerson, I)., Weick, K. E., fit Kramer, R. M. (1996). Swift trust and temporary groups: in M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (eds) Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research (pp. 166-1951. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. (1967). The small world problem, Psychology Today, 2, 60–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, R. I.. St Wright, S. (eds) (2009). Friends and Enemies in Organizations: A Work Psychology Perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. (2007). You are wasting my time: Why limits on connectivity are essential for economies of creativity, University of Auckland Business Review, 9(2), 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Napier, B. J. & Ferris, G. (1993). Distance in organizations, Human Resource Management Review, 3(4), 321–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nemiro, J., Beyerlein, M., Bradley, L., fit Beyerlein, S. (eds) (2008). The Handbook of High-Performing Virtual Teams: A Toolkit for Collaborating Across Boundaries. San Francisco: jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohria, N. St Eccles, R. G. (eds) (1992). Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, D. (1999). Affordance, conventions, and design, Interactions, May-June, 38–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, M. B. fit Cummings, J. (2007). The spatial, temporal, and configura-tional characteristics of geographic dispersion in teams, MIS Quarterly, 31(3), 433–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, G. M. fit Olson, J. (2000). Distance matters, Human-Computer Interaction, 15(2/3), 139–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oilikowski, W. J. (1992). The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations, Organization Science, 3(3), 398–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlikovvski, W.J. Ok Scott, S. V. (2008). Sociomateriality: Challenging the separation of technology, work and organization, The Academy of Management Annals, 2(\), 433–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlow, L. A. (2012). Sleeping with Your Smartphone: How to Break the 24/7 Habit and Change the Way You Work. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, A., Galvin, J., & Piccoli, G. (2006). Antecedents to team member commitment from near and far: A comparison between collocated and virtual teams, Information, Technology Si People, 19(4), 299–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, W. (2010). Hamlet’s Blackberry: Building a Good Life in the Digital Age. New York: Harper Perennial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rainie, I,. & Well mart, B. (2012). Networked: The New Social Operating System. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rheingoid, H. (2012). Net Smart: How to Thrive On-Line. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkie, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vodanovich, 5., Sundaram, D., & Myers, M. (2010). Digital natives and ubiquitous information systems, Information Systems Research, 21(4), 711–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, D.I. (2003). Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age. London: William Helnemanrt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisband, S. (ed.) (2008). Leadership at a Distance: Research in Technologically — Supported Work. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, B. & Berkowitz, S. D. (eds) (1988). Social Structures: A Network Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. M., O’Leary, M. B., Metiu, A., & Jett. Q. R. (‘2008). Perceived proximity in virtual work: Explaining the paradox of far-but-close, Organization Studies, 29(7), 979–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, J. (1958). Management and Technology. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office (ITMSO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S. L. (2009). In a lonelyplace: The experience of loneliness in the workplace: in R. L. Morrison & S. L. Wright (eds) Friends and Enemies in Organisations: A Work Psycholog1 Perspective (pp. 10–31). London: Paigrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, J. & Oriikowski, W. J. (1992). Genres of organizational communication: A structurationai approach to studying communication media, Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 299–326.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2013 Darl G. Kolb

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kolb, D.G. (2013). Virtually There: The Paradox of Proximity. In: Morrison, R.L., Cooper-Thomas, H.D. (eds) Relationships in Organizations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137280640_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics