Abstract
On 6 October 2000, Serbia embarked on a process of democratic change, a decade after the rest of Central and Eastern Europe.1 The regime of Slobodan Milošević crumbled under popular pressure and democratic forces finally took centre stage. The transition from a hybrid post-communist dictatorship, authoritarian hegemony and façade democracy (or, as Andy Wilson had dubbed it in the Russian and Ukrainian contexts, ‘virtual’ or ‘fake’ democracy2 — though ‘veneer democracy’ might be another, even more accurate, term), all combined, could begin in earnest. However, this was no more than the start. While no democratisation project can ever be considered complete, most former communist countries made fairly rapid progress to a consolidated position, where political processes were broadly in line with those in established liberal democracies. Central to those processes of transformation had been assuring both democratic accountability and reform of the security sector. Serbia was different. Serbia did not really find its democratic feet fully for another twelve years. The arrest of war hero turned war crimes fugitive General Ratko Mladić marked the closing bracket to the period begun with the fall of Milošević. The subject of this book is a particular aspect of that change: the transformation of civil-military relations and the war crimes legacy.
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Notes
Andrew Wilson, Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005).
See Robert Thomas, Serbia under Milošević: Politics in the 1990s (London: Hurst and Co, 1999).
James Gow, Legitimacy and the Military: The Yugoslav Crisis (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1992)
James Gow, The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes (London: Hurst and Co, 2003).
See James Gow and Ivan Zveržhanovski, ‘Legitimacy and the Military Revisited — Civil Military Relations and the Future of Yugoslavia’ in Cottey A. Edmunds, T. and Forster A. (eds) Soldiers and Societies in Post-Communist Europe: Legitimacy and Change (London: Palgrave, October 2003).
James Gow, ‘The European Exception: Civil-Military Relations in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)’ in Cottey, A. Edmunds, T and Forster A. (eds) Democratic Control of the Military in Postcommunist Europe: Guarding the Guards (London: Palgrave, 2002), p. 195.
James Gow, ‘Serbia and the Politics of Yugoslav Armies: Communism, Federalism and Democracy’ in Koonings, Kees and Kruijt, Dirk (eds) Political Armies: The Military and Nation Building in the Age of Democracy (London, New York: Zed Books, 2002), p. 298.
James Gow, ‘Managing and Removing Conditions for Armed Conflict’ in Badsey Stephen and Latwski, Paul (eds) Britain, NATO and the Lessons of the Balkan Conflicts 1991–1999 (London, New York: Frank Cass, 2004), p. 239.
Biljana Vankovska, and Håkan Wiberg, Håkan between Past and Future: Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Communist Balkans (London, New York: The Library of International Relations I. B. Tauris, 2003).
Robin Alison Remington, ‘The Yugoslav Army: Trauma and Transition’ in Danopoulos, Constantine P. and Zirker, Daniel (eds) Civil-Military Relations in the Soviet and Yugoslav Successor States (Colorado, Oxford: Westview Press, 1996).
Timothy Edmunds, Defence Reform in Croatia and Serbia-Montenegro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the IISS, 2003).
Susan Woodward, ‘In Whose Interest Is Security Sector Reform: Lessons from the Balkan’ in Cawthra, Gavin and Luckham, Robert (eds) Governing Insecurity: Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies (London, New York: Zed Books, 2003), pp. 276–302.
Miroslav Hadžić, The Yugoslav People’s Agony: The Role of the Yugoslav People’s Army (London: Ashgate, 2002)
Hadžić, Miroslav Sudbina Partijske Vojske (Belgrade: Samizdat, 2001).
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Dragan Vukšić, Vojska i Kosovo — Pukovnikov otkaz krvavom komandantu: Miloševićevo srljanje na mač NATO alijanse (Bad Vilbel and Belgrade: Nidda, 2001).
Samuel Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1975), p. 4.
Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 13th Printing, 1957)
Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1969)
Charles Moskos, ed., The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces After the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
Martin Edmonds, Armed Services and Society (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1988).
Cottey A. Edmunds, T and Forster A. eds., Democratic Control of the Military in Postcommunist Europe: Guarding the Guards (London: Palgrave, 2002)
Betz, Civil-Military Relations in Russia and Eastern Europe (RoutledgeCurzon: London, 2004).
David Betz, and John Löwenhardt, Army and State in Postcommunist Europe (London: Frank Cass 2001), p. 4.
Cottey, A. Edmunds, T. and Forster, A., ‘The Second Generation Problematic: Rethinking Democracy and Civil-Military Relations’, Armed Forces and Society Vol. 29 No. 1, Fall 2002, p. 36.
Timothy Edmunds, ‘Security Sector Reform: Concepts and implementation’, in German, Wilhelm and Edmunds, Timothy (eds) Towards Securtiy Sector Reform in Post Cold War Europe (Baden Baden: Nomos 2003), p. 11.
For example, the OECD talks about the concept of Security Sector Transformation, while others, like the UNDP prefer the name of Justice and Security Sector Transformation. For a debate about SSR, see for example, Jane Chanaa, Security Sector Reform: Issues, Challenges and Prospects (Oxford, Oxford University Press for IISS, 2002)
Dylan Hendrickson, A Review of Security Sector Reform (London: Conflict Security and Development Group, Centre for Defence Studies, Working Papers, 1999)
Heiner Hänggi, ‘Conceptualising Security Sector Reform and Reconstruction’ in Bryden, Alex, and Hänggi, Heiner (eds) Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2004), p. 8.
James Gow and Carole Birch, Security and Democracy: Civil Military Relations in Central and Eastern Europe (London: Brasseys for the Centre of Defence Studies, 1997), p. 34.
Agnieszka Gogolewska followed Gow and Birch, but incorporated democratic security policy communities into ‘effective democratic management’ and added another factor, that of’ stateness’, following Stepan and Linz. Agnieszka Goglewska, The Stateness Matrix — Comparing and Explaining Post-Communist Civil-Military Relations: Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Ukraine PhD Thesis, University of London, 2001; Juan J. Linz, and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, Southern America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
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© 2013 James Gow and Ivan Zveržhanovski
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Gow, J., Zverzžhanovski, I. (2013). Introduction. In: Security, Democracy and War Crimes. New Security Challenges Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137276148_1
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