Skip to main content

Abstract

Since it was recognized at the 2005 World Summit, states have routinely expressed their support for the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). The fact that it merely restates existing law, however, means that the utility of R2P is essentially predicated on its capacity to precipitate, either though socialization, inducement or mild coercion — such as rhetorical entrapment and/or a determination to avoid pariah status — a profound attitudinal change amongst states. As a result, R2P’s advocates — academics, NGOs and political figures — have focused on stressing its alleged normative power; its ostensible capacity to ‘shame’ otherwise recalcitrant states by portraying non-compliance as anachronistic and reactionary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, S. (2011) ‘R2P and the Libya Mission’, Los Angeles Times, 28 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International (2011) ‘Arms Trade to Middle East and North Africa Shows Failure of Export Controls’, 19 October. Available at: www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/arms-trade-middle-east-and-north-africa-shows-failure-export-controls-2011–1 [Accessed 4 February 2013].

    Google Scholar 

  • Annan, K. (2001) ‘Message Honoring Raphael Lemkin’, Press Release SG/SM/7842, 13 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axworthy, L. (2011) ‘In Libya, We Move Toward a More Humane World’, Globe and Mail, 23 August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, A. (2011) ‘China Sought to Sell Arms to Qaddafi, Documents Suggest’, The New York Times, 4 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, M. (2010) The International Humanitarian Order (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, A. (2006) ‘Whither the Responsibility to Protect? Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit’, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 143–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, A. (2009) Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities (London: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, A. (2010) ‘Kosovo and the Advent of Sovereignty as Responsibility’, in A. Hehir (ed.), Kosovo, Intervention and Statebuilding (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, A. (2011) ‘Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm’, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 25, no. 3. Available at: www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/journal/index.html [Accessed September 2011].

  • Bellamy, A. and P. Williams (2011) ‘The New Politics of Protection? Côte d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect’, International Affairs, vol. 82, no. 7, pp. 825–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berdal, M. (2003) ‘The UN Security Council: Ineffective but Indispensable’, Survival, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berdal, M. (2008) ‘The UN, Multilateralism, and International Order’, in G. Andreani and P. Hassner (eds), Justifying War?: From Humanitarianism to Counterterrorism (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, F. (2007) ‘Moral Versus Legal Legitimacy’, in C. Reed and D. Ryall (eds), The Price of Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourantonis, D. (2007) The History and Politics of Security Council Reform (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Branigan, T. (2011) ‘Chinese Arms Companies “Offered to Sell Weapons to Gaddafi Regime”’, The Guardian, 5 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, H. (1945) ‘Power Politics and International Organization’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 664–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, A. and R. O. Keohane (2004) ‘The Preventive Use of Force: A Cosmopolitan Institutional Proposal’, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, A. and R. Keohane (2011) ‘Precommitment Regimes for Intervention: Supplementing the Security Council’, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 41–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chesterman, S. (2002) Just War or Just Peace? (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chesterman, S. (2011a) ‘“Leading from Behind”: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya’, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1–7. Available online at: www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/journal/index.html [Accessed September 2011].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chesterman, S. (2011b) ‘The Outlook for UN Reform’, New York University School of Law, Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series, Working Paper No. 11–55, August. Available online at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1885229 [Accessed September 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • China (2009) ‘Statement by the Permanent Representative of China to the UN’, 23 July. Available online at: http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/Statement%20by%20Ambassador%20Liu%20Zhenmin.pdf [Accessed June 2012].

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, I. (2007) Legitimacy in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Considine, S. C. and H. Sonner (2009) ‘Interview between Author and Sapna Chatpar Considine, Project Manager, International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect, and Heather Sonner, International Secretariat of the Institute for Global Policy’, Tuesday, 18 August, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, C. (2011) ‘The Arab Spring’, United States Institute for Peace, 25 April. Available online at: www.usip.org/publications/the-arab-spring [Accessed August 2012].

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallaire, R. (2004) ‘Looking at Darfur, Seeing Rwanda’, New York Times, 4 October.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Cuellar, J. P. (1991) ‘Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization’, UN Document A/46/1, 13 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng, F. (2010) ‘JISB Interview: The Responsibility to Protect’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 83–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. (2008) The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. (2011) ‘The RtoP Balance Sheet After Libya’, 2 September. Available online at: www.gevans.org/speeches/speech448%20interview%20RtoP.html [accessed November 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnemore, M. and K. Sikkink (1998) ‘International Norm Dynamics and Political Change’, International Organization, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 887–917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzmaurice, M. (2006) ‘The Practical Working of the Law of Treaties’, in M. Evans (ed.), International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D. (2007) ‘Humanitarian Intervention’, in C. Reed and D. Ryall (eds), The Price of Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franck, T. (2005) ‘Interpretation and Change in the Law of Humanitarian Intervention’, in J. L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane (eds), Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. (1989) ‘The End of History and the Last Man’, The National Interest, Summer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, M. (2001) ‘The Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention’, in K. E. Smith and M. Light (eds), Ethics and Foreign Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glanville, L. (2011) ‘Darfur and the Responsibilities of Sovereignty’, International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 462–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glennon, M. (1999) ‘The New Interventionism’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 2–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Global Centre for R2P (2009) ‘Frequently Made Assertions’, 16 June. Available online at: http://globalr2p.org/media/pdf/Frequently_made_assertions_16_June_Final.pdf [Accessed June 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowlland-Debbas, V. (2000) ‘Functions of the United Nations Security Council in the International Legal System’, in M. Byers (ed.), The Role of International Law in International Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakimi, M. (2010) ‘State Bystander Responsibility’, The European Journal of International Law, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 341–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hehir, A. (2008) Humanitarian Intervention after Kosovo: Iraq, Darfur and the Record of Global Civil Society (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hehir, A. (2011) ‘The Responsibility to Protect in International Political Discourse: Encouraging Statement of Intent or Illusory Platitudes?’, International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1329–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hehir, A. (2012) The Responsibility to Protect: Rhetoric, Reality and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hehir, A. and R. W. Murray (2012) ‘Intervention in the Emerging Multipolar System: Why R2P will Miss the Unipolar Moment’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 387–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinbecker, P. (2011) ‘Plenty of Credit to Go Around in Gadhafi’s Fall’, Montreal Gazette, 23 August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henkin, L. (1990) ‘Compliance with International Law in an Inter-state System’, Academie de droit international, Recueil des cours 1989 (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. (2004) ‘Introduction’, in H. Hensel (ed.), Sovereignty and the Global Community (Aldershot: Ashgate).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollis, R. (2012) ‘No Friend of Democratization: Europe’s Role in the “Arab Spring”’, International Affairs, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 81–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, I. (2007) After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • The International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (2011) ‘FAQs on Impact of Action in Libya on the Responsibility to Protect’, 6 May. Available online at: www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/component/content/article/35-r2pcs-topics/3436-icrtop-2-page-faq-on-the-impact-of-action-in-libya-on-rtop [Accessed November 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) (2001) The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre).

    Google Scholar 

  • International Crisis Group (2011) ‘Popular Protests in the Middle East and North Africa: Bahrain’s Rocky Road to Reform’, Middle East/North Africa Report 111, 28 July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaldor, M. (2001) ‘Transnational Civil Society’, in T. Dunne and N. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaldor, M. (2003) Global Civil Society: An Answer to War (London: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ki-Moon, B. (2009) ‘Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: Report of the Secretary-General’, A/63/677, 12 January. Available online at: http://globalr2p.org/pdf/SGR2PEng.pdf [Accessed June 2012].

    Google Scholar 

  • Ki-Moon, B. (2011) ‘Remarks at Breakfast Roundtable with Foreign Ministers on “The Responsibility to Protect: Responding to Imminent Threats of Mass Atrocities”’, UN News Centre, 23 September. Available online at: www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/sgspeeches/search_full.asp?statID=1325 [Accessed November 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • Koskenniemi, M. (2006) ‘What is International Law For?’, in M. Evans (ed.), International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landman, T. (2005) Studying Human Rights (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertus, J. (2009) The United Nations and Human Rights (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Niebuhr, R. (1986) ‘The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness’, in R. McAfee Brown (ed.), The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr (New Haven: Yale University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Orford, A. (2003) Reading Humanitarian Intervention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A. (2009) ‘Humanity as the A and Ω of Sovereignty’, The European Journal of International Law, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 513–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power, S. (2009) ‘Foreword’, in R. H. Cooper and J. V. Kohler (eds), Responsibility to Protect: The Global Moral Compact for the 21st Century (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinold, T. (2010) ‘The Responsibility to Protect: Much Ado About Nothing?’, Review of International Studies, vol. 36, Supplement S1, pp. 55–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reus-Smit, C. (2005) ‘Liberal Hierarchy and the License to Use Force’, in D. Armstrong, T. Farrell and B. Maiguashca (eds), Force and Legitimacy in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, G. (2002) Crimes against Humanity (London: Penguin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, I. (2005) Addicted to Oil (London: I. B. Taurus).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer, D. (2009) ‘Atrocity Crimes: Framing the Responsibility to Protect’, in R. H. Cooper and J. V. Kohler (eds), Responsibility to Protect: The Global Moral Compact for the 21st Century (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M. (1994) Global Civil Society and International Relations (London: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shawcross, W. (2001) Deliver Us from Evil (London: Bloomsbury).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. (2004) Great Powers and Outlaw States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter, A-M. (1995) ‘International Law in a World of Liberal States’, European Journal of International Law, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 503–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slim, H. (2004) ‘Dithering over Darfur?’, International Affairs, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 811–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. (2011) ‘The Arab Uprisings’, House of Commons Library, Research Paper 11/73, 11 November.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahn, C. (2007) ‘Responsibility to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 99–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, R. (2011) ‘Has R2P Worked in Libya?’, Canberra Times, 19 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • UK (2009) ‘Statement by the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the UN’, 23 July. Available online at: www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/UK_ENG(1).pdf [Accessed June 2010].

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (United Nations Security Council) (1992) ‘S/PV.3145’, 3 December. Available online at: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/PRO/N92/621/12/PDF/N9262112.pdf?OpenElement [Accessed November 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • UNSC (United Nations Security Council) (2011) ‘Security Council 6498th Meeting’, S/PV.6498, 17 March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walzer, M. (2011) ‘The Case against Our Attack on Libya’, The New Republic, 20 March. Available online at: www.tnr.com/article/world/85509/the-case-against-our-attack-libya [Accessed November 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, T. (2007) Humanitarian Intervention (Cambridge: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, T. (2011) ‘R2P Alive and Well After Libya’, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1–6. Available online at: www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/journal/index.html [Accessed September 2011].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, J. (2011) ‘Civilian Protection in Libya: Putting Coercion and Controversy Back into RtoP’, Ethics and International Affairs, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1–8. Available online at: www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/journal/index.html [Accessed September 2011].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. (2004) ‘The Will and Authority of the Security Council After Iraq’, Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 645–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, N. (2002) Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, N. (2003) ‘Humanitarian Intervention after September 11, 2001’, in A. Lang (ed.), Just Intervention (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, N. (2006) ‘The Humanitarian Responsibilities of Sovereignty’, in J. Welsh (ed.), Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2013 Aidan Hehir

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hehir, A. (2013). The Responsibility to Protect as the Apotheosis of Liberal Teleology. In: Hehir, A., Murray, R. (eds) Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137273956_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics