Abstract
Hactivism is ‘mainly interpreted by society as the transposition of protest into cyberspace. Hacktivism is the use of technology to express dissent’ (Paganini, 2013) and is also known as electronic civil disobedience. The term was initially coined in 1996 by a member of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective known as Omega, although hacking had occurred (whether for financial gain or political objectives) before that date, including the Guy Fawkes Day attack on the UK government on 11 November 1994 as a protest against the proposed Criminal Justice Bill.
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Sources and further reading
Carr, J. (2012) Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld, 2nd edn. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media.
Casserly, M. (2012) ‘What is Hactivism?: A Short History of Anonymous, Lulzsec and the Arab Spring’, PC Advisor, www.pcadvisor.co.uk/features/internet/3414409/what-is-hacktivism-short-history-anonymous-lulzsec-arab-spring (date accessed 2 May 2014).
Jordan, T. (2001) Activism! Direct Action, Hactivism and the Future of Society. London: Reaktion Books.
Paganini, P. (2013) ‘Hactivism: Means and Motivations… What Else?’, Infosec Institute, http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/hacktivism-means-and-motivations-what-else (date accessed 2 May 2014).
Sources and further reading
Baker, K. (1992) Speech to the ACOP Annual Conference, 26 February.
Joyce, P. (1992) ‘A Decade of Disorder’, Policing, 8: 232–48.
Power, A. and Tunstall, R. (1997) Dangerous Disorder. Riots and Violent Disturbances in Thirteen Areas of Britain, 1991–92. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
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© 2014 Peter Joyce and Neil Wain
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Joyce, P., Wain, N. (2014). H. In: Palgrave Dictionary of Public Order Policing, Protest and Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137270085_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137270085_8
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