Abstract
“Justice is the first virtue of social institutions,” declared John Rawls at the outset of his Theory of Justice, before adding, “as truth is of systems of thought.”1 Justice, in other words, is the most important evaluative feature of a society in much the same way that truth is the fundamental evaluative feature of a science or tradition.
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Notes
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 3.
John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 23.
See, e.g., Josef Pieper, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966), pp. 70–103. Beyond his discussion of “the three basic forms of justice,” Pieper raises the question of justice with respect to God as a special case, showing that although humans owe sacrifice, piety, and respect to God, they can never wholly repay this debt (pp. 104–10).
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Political Writings, ed. Patrick Riley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 60, 171–72.
Following Tomas Hammar, Democracy and the Nation State: Aliens, Denizens, and Citizens in a World of International Migration (Aldershot: Avebury, 1990).
John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 23–25.
Alasdair MacIntyre, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988).
David Miller and Sohail H. Hashmi, eds, Boundaries and Justice: Diverse Ethical Perspectives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001);
Allen Buchanan and Margaret Moore, eds, States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
See also William M. Sullivan and Will Kymlicka, eds, The Globalization of Ethics: Religious and Secular Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, Grove, 1996).
Peter A. French and Mitchell Haney, “Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes,” in Peter A. French and Jason A. Short, eds, War and Border Crossings (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), pp. 121–41.
Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot, On Justification: Economies of Worth, trans. Catherine Porter (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).
Hauke Brunkhorst, Solidarity: From Civic Friendship to a Global Legal Community, trans. Jeffrey Flynn (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), p. 16.
On this point, see Georgia Warnke, Justice and Interpretation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993);
Mark Kingwell, A Civil Tongue: Justice, Dialogue, and the Politics of Pluralism (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995).
This asymmetry is pointed out in Frederick G. Whelan, “Prologue: Democratic Theory and the Boundary Problem,” in J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds, Liberal Democracy (Nomos XXV) (New York: New York University Press, 1983), pp. 13–47.
Useful contributions include Allen Buchanan, Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991);
Daniel Philpott, “In Defense of Self-Determination,” Ethics 105 (1995), 352–85;
Percy B. Lehning, ed., Theories of Secession (London: Routledge, 1998);
Margaret Moore, ed., National Self-Determination and Secession (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998);
Stephen Macedo and Allen Buchanan, eds., Secession and Self-Determination: Nomos XLV (New York: New York University, 2003). I examine this debate more closely in Chapter 7.
Among the more influential works on this topic are Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds, Boundaries: National Autonomy and Its Limits (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1981);
Peter H. Schuck and Rogers Smith, Citizenship without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985);
Mark Gibney, ed., Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988);
Brian Barry and Robert E. Goodin, eds, Free Movement: Ethical Issues in the Transnational Migration of People and of Money (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992). I return to this issue in Chapter 7 below.
See Charles Taylor et al., Multiculturalism and “The Politics of Recognition” (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992);
Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995);
Axel Honneth, The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996);
Joseph Carens, Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
Richard Shapcott, Justice, Community, and Dialogue in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001);
Seyla Benhabib, The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
Representative texts are Michael Ignatieff, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1994);
David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995);
Martha C. Nussbaum et al., For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1996);
Robert McKim and Jeff McMahan, eds, The Morality of Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997);
Charles R. Beitz, “International Liberalism and Distributive Justice: A Survey of Recent Thought,” World Politics 51 (1999): 269–96;
Samuel Scheffler, Boundaries and Allegiances: Problems of Justice and Responsibility in Liberal Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
For representative work along these lines, see Heidrun Friese, ed., Identities: Time, Difference, and Boundaries (New York: Berghahn, 2002); and Warnke, Justice and Interpretation.
Signal texts on this topic are Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982);
Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender, and the Family (New York: Basic Books, 1989).
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Barbieri, W.A. (2015). The Scope and Scale of Justice. In: Constitutive Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137263254_2
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