Abstract
The religious military orders shared this in common: their members combined a professed religious life with a dedication to warfare. Less obvious is the fact that all major military religious orders of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries had female associates, though they were always greatly outnumbered by their male counterparts. The attitudes and practices of religious military orders toward female membership, however, differed widely. Some orders, like the Templars, explicitly stated that they would not accept any sisters, while other orders, like the Hospitallers, made statutory provisions to ease the recruitment of women. Furthermore, the accommodation of women differed in practice: the Order of Calatrava supported the establishment of Cistercian convents for its sisters, the Order of Alcántara seems to have never made any special arrangements for its female associates,1 the Order of Santiago accepted married couples as long as they vowed conjugal chastity, and the Teutonic order resolved initially to accept lay sisters only for menial work. What follows is an overview of the military religious orders’ attitudes and practices regarding female membership in the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, except for the Order of Saint John, which will be discussed in detail in the following chapters on account of the vast evidence specific to that order.
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Notes
Joseph F. O’Callaghan, “The Foundation of the Order of Alcántara, 1176–1218,” The Catholic Historical Review 47.4 (1962): 471–86.
Alonson Torres y Tapia, Crónica de la orden de Alcantara, 2 vols. (Madrid: G. Ramirez, 1763), 1:292.
“Perillouse chose est compaignie de feme, que le deable ancien par compaignie de feme a degeté pluisors dou droit sentier de paradis. Dames por serors de ci en avant ne soitent receues en la maison dou Temple; por ices, très chiers freres, de ci en avant ne covient acostumer ceste usance, que flor de chasteé tous tens aparisse entre vos.” A latin version states, “Ut amplius sorores non coadeunt.—Sorores quidem amplius pericolosum est coadunare, quia antiquus hostis femineo consorcio complures expulit a recto tramite Paradisi. Ideoque fratres rarissimi ut integritatis flos inter vos semper appareat hac consuetudine a modo uti non liceat.” La règle du Temple, ed. Henri de Curzon (Paris: Librairie Renouard, 1886), p. 69, cap. 70. Translated into English in The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar, trans. Judith M. Upton-Ward (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1992), p. 36, cap. 70.
“[C]atholice ecclesie defensores et inimicorum Christi impugnatores,” by Pope Alexander III in his bull, Omne Datum Optimum (1163). Papsturkunden für Templer und Johanniter, Archivberichte und Texte, ed. Rudolf Hiestand, 3 vols. (Gottingen: Vanderhoeck and Ruprecht, 1972–1984), 3: 96.
Bernard of Clairvaux, “Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae,” in S. Bernardi Opera, ed. Jean Leclercq, C. H. Talbot, and H. M. Rochais, vol. 3 (Rome: Editiones Cistercienses, 1963), pp. 206–39.
Bernard of Clairvaux, “In Praise of the New Knighthood,” in Treatises III, The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux, vol. 7, trans. Conrad Greenia, Cistercian Fathers Series 19 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1977), pp. 127–67.
Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 15.
“Obsecramus per sanguinem illum qui pro animabus fusus est, ne tanti emptarum parvi pendatur periculum, quod maxime ex virorum et feminarum cohabitatione non immerito timetur ab his, qui in scola Dei diu iam contra diaboli tentamenta luctati, propria experientia edocti dicere possunt cum Apostolo: non enim ignoramus astutias eius. Denique quam non negligenter te oporteat audire non meum, sed ipsius Apostoli de hac re consilium, immo praeceptum aperte clamantis: fugite fornicationem, ipsius nunc tam turpiter lapsi fratris, super quo et nostram dignatus es consulere parvitatem, te doceat experimentum.” In the same letter, Bernard expresses his concern regarding (Premonstratensian) lay brothers mingling with women at a mill and suggests that either the women are prohibited from coming to the mill, the mill is managed by men from outside, or that the mill is abondoned all together. Bernard of Clairvaux, “Epistula LXXIX: Ad abbatem Lucam,” in S. Bernardi Opera, ed. Jean Leclercq, C. H. Talbot, and H. M. Rochais, vol. 7 (Rome: Editiones Cistercienses, 1963), pp. 210–12; “Quod in ordine nostro foeminarum cohabitatio interdicta sit. Remota omni occasione sive nutrimentorum augendorum vel conservandorum sive rerum monasterii quarumlibet, ut quando necesse est, lavandarum sive denique cujuscumque necessitatis feminarum cohabitatio nobis et conversis nostris omnino interdicta est.” “Exordium Cistercii, Summa Cartae Caritatis et capitula,” in Les plus anciens textes de Cîteaux, ed. Jean de la Croix Bouton and Jean Baptiste van Damme, Citeaux-commentarii Cistercienses: Studia et documenta 2 (Achel: Abbaye Cistercienne, 1974), p. 123, n. 17.
Cartulaire général de l’ordre du Temple, 1119?–1150, ed. Marquis d’Albon (Paris: Champion, 1913), no. 18.
Cartulaires des Templiers de Douzens, ed. Pierre Gérard, Elisabeth Magnou, and Philippe Wolff (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale, 1965), C, no. 11.
Ernest Petit, Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la race Capétienne: Avec des documents inédits et des pièces justicatives, 9 vols. (Paris: E. Thorin, 1885–1905), 2:393–94.
“[S]ic donamus predictos III. homines nostra bona voluntate propter nostram animam et matris nostre et animas omni fidelium defunctorum … in tali convenu quod domna Romana mater nostra sit accepta ad sororem eiusdem Milicie et fratres Milicie habeant prefatos homines solutos et liberos per omne tempus ad proprium alodium predicte Milicie in perpetuum.” Joaquin Miret i Sans, Les cases de Templers y Hospitalers en Catalunya: Aplech de noves y documents històrichs. (Barcelona: Casa Provincial de Caritat, 1910), p. 222.
Alan Forey, “Women and Military Orders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,” in Hospitaller Women in the Middle Ages, ed. Anthony Luttrell and Helen Nicholson (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 46, n. 14 [43–69]; Madrid, AHN, Órdenes Militares, Castellanía de Amposta, leg. 38, no. 21.
Jochen Schenk, “Forms of Lay Association with the Order of the Temple,” Journal of Medieval History 34.1 (2008): 84 [79–103].
Augustín Ubieto Arteta, “Cofrades Aragoneses y Navarros del Temple (siglo XII): Aspectos socio-económicos,” Aragón en la Edad Media 3 (1980): 36, 38 [29–93].
“[I]n presencia officialium nostrorum castitatem servare promisit et ut ipse Regule Templi subdat ultimo promisit.” Records of the Templars in England in the Twelfth Century: The Inquest of 1185 with Illustrative Charters and Documents, ed. Beatrice A. Lees, British Academy Records of the Social and Economic History of England and Wales 9 (London: Oxford University Press, 1935; repr. Munich: Kraus Reprint, 1981), p. 210, no. 5 (Wiltshire Charters).
“[D]omine Ermengardi de Uluya, sorori Milicie Templi et in illo tempore preceptrix domus Rourel.” Francesco Tommasi, “Uomini e donne negli ordini militari di Terrasanta: Per il problema delle case doppie e miste negli ordini giovannita, templare e teutonico (secc. XII–XIV),” in Doppelklöster und andere Formen der Symbiose männlicher und weiblicher Religiosen im Mittelalter, ed. Kaspar Elm and Michel Parisse (Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, 1992), Appendix, p. 201 [177–202].
“In Chrispti [sic] nomine sit notum cunctis quod ego Titborgis qui fui filia Berengarii de Sancta Columba reddo me ipsam in sororem religioni ad ordinem domus milicie templi et dono et trado in remissionem peccatorum meorum et parentum meorum domino Deo et domui milicie templiet fratri Pons Menescalco Magistro in Provincia et in partibus Ispanie et fratri B. de Clareto et fratri Petro de Acuta et aliis fratribus … dominicaturam et honorem de Casela que patris meis tenuit, sicut afrontat de una parte in termino de Ulivela, de alia in termino de Regale et de alia in termino de Olers et de alia in termino de Apiera … in perpetuum per alodium franchum et liberum ad omnes vestras vestrorumque voluntates … Et adhuc ego Titborgis dono in remissionem peccatorum meorum … omnia mea directa ubicumque fuerint tocius honoris mei patris que michi modo pertinent et adhuc debere pertinere. Actum est hoc kalendas januarii anno ab incarnacione Domini MCXCVI.” “Firmes de Titborgs y de sa Germana Dolça, de Gombau d’Oluja, Berenger de Montblanch y Pere de Toló,” Miret i Sans, Cases, p. 222; ACA, arm. 23, pergs. 83, 246; Tommasi, “Uomini,” in Doppelkloster, p. 196, n. 79; Helen Nicholson, “Women in Templar and Hospitaller Commanderies,” in La commanderie: Institution des ordres militaires dans l’Occident médiéval, ed. Anthony Luttrell and Léon Pressouyre (Paris: Comité des travaux histoques et scientifiques, 2002), p. 130 [125–34].
Tommasi, “Uomini,” Doppelkloster, p. 200; Ernest Zaragoza Pascual, Catàleg dels monestirs catalans (Barcelona: Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 1997), p. 197; Josep Maria Sans i Travé, “El Rourell, una preceptoria del Temple al Camp de Tarragona (1162?–1248),” Boletin arqueológico 4.133–140 (1976–77): 133–201; Josep Maria Sans i Travé, Els Templers catalans: De la rosa a la creu (Lleida: Pagels Editors, 1996), pp. 279–84; Miret i Sans, Cases, p. 248.
Tommasi, “Uomini,” Doppelkloster, p. 200; Ernest Zaragoza Pascual, Catàleg dels monestirs catalans (Barcelona: Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 1997), p. 197; Josep Maria Sans i Travé, “El Rourell, una preceptoria del Temple al Camp de Tarragona (1162?–1248),” Boletin arqueológico 4.133–140 (1976–77): 133–201; Josep Maria Sans i Travé, Els Templers catalans: De la rosa a la creu (Lleida: Pagels Editors, 1996), pp. 279–84; Miret i Sans, Cases, p. 248.
Josep Maria Sans i Travé, “El Rourell, una preceptoria del Temple al Camp de Tarragona (1162?–1248),” Boletin arqueológico 4.133–140 (1976–77): 133–201; Josep Maria Sans i Travé, Els Templers catalans: De la rosa a la creu (Lleida: Pagels Editors, 1996), pp. 279–84; Miret i Sans, Cases, p. 248.
Auguste Pétel, La Maison de Villers-les-Verrières (Troyes: Paul Nouel, 1905), p. 374.
Joseph-Antoine Durbec, Templiers et Hospitaliers en Provence et dans les AlpesMaritimes (Grenoble: Le Mercure Dauphinois, 2001), p. 194.
“[D]omicella Sycilla de Soigneio relicta Thome de Sancto Germano, domicella Margareta et domicella Ysabellis ejusdem domicelle filie … predicte mulieres supplicaverunt coram nobis et preceptori ut easdem reciperet in sorores confrarie fratrum domus predicte.” Edouard de Barthélemy, Diocèse ancien de Chalons-sur-Marne; Histoire et monuments suivi des cartulaires inédits de la commanderie de la Neuville-au-Temple, des abbeyes de Toussaints, de Monstiers et du prieuré de Vinetz, 2 vols. (Paris: A. Aubry, 1861), 1:no. 134.
Vatikanische Akten zur deutschen Geschichte in der Zeit Kaiser Ludwigs des Bayern, ed. Sigmund von Riezler (Innsbruck: Wagner, 1891), pp. 171–72, no. 344.
Anthony Luttrell and Helen Nicholson, “Introduction: A Survey of Hospitaller Women in the Middle Ages,” in Hospitaller Women in the Middle Ages, ed. Anthony Luttrell and Helen Nicholson (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 26 [1–42].
“Item, li maistres qui fesoient freres et suers du Temple, aus dites suers fesoient promestre obediencie, chastée, vivre sans propre, et li dit maistre leur prometoient foi et loiauté, come à leur suers. Item, quant les dites suers estoient entrees, li dit maistre les despouceloient; et autres suers qui estoient de bon age, qui pensoient estre venues en la religion pour leur ames sauver, il convenoit par force que li maistre en feissent leurs volentez, et en avoient enfans les dites suers; et li dit maistre de leur enfans fesoient freres de la religion.” Procès des templiers, ed. Jules Michelet, 2 vols. (Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1841–51), 1:38.
The translation can be found in The Templars: Selected Sources, ed. and trans. Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), p. 291.
Joseph F. O’Callaghan, “The Affiliation of the Order of Calatrava with the Order of Cîteaux, 1,” Analecta Sacri Ordinis Cisterciensis 15 (1959): 170–93 [161–93].
O’Callaghan, “Affiliation, 1,” 186. For a detailed debate see, Bernd Schwenk, Calatrava: Entstehung und Frühgeschichte eines spanischen Ritterordens zisterziensischer Observanz im 12. Jahrhundert (Münster: Aschendorff, 1992), pp.77–102.
“Quod autem humiliter postulastis suscipi vos videlicet in communionem beneficiorum Ordinis nostri, non ut familiares sed ut vere fratres, gratanter annuimus. Quod consequenter vivendi formam praescribi vobis auctoritate nostra exigitis, nos communi capituli consilio id venerabili fratri abbati Scalae Dei cum filiis suis vicinis vestris imponendum duximus, qui patriae morem plenius norunt et sudores ac discrimina vestra quo proprius sic liquidius intueri possunt,” Bullarium Ordinis Militiae de Calatrava, ed. Ignacio José Ortega y Cotes, J. F. Alvarez de Baquedano, and P. de Ortega Zúñiga y Aranda (Madrid: Antonio Marin, 1761), pp. 3–4; O’Callaghan, “Affiliation, 1,” 188.
“[M]embrum nobile et speciale ordinis Cisterciensis,” Statuta capitulorum generalium ordinis Cisterciensis ab anno 1116 ad annum 1786, ed. Joseph Marie Canivez and A. Trilhe, 8 vols. Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique, fasc. 9 (Louvain: Bureau de la Revue, 1933–1941), 2:no. 33.
Joseph F. O’Callaghan, “The Affiliation of the Order of Calatrava with the Order of Cîteaux, 3,” Analecta Sacri Ordinis Cisterciensis 16 (1960): 287 [255–92].
Joseph F. O’Callaghan, “The Affiliation of the Order of Calatrava with the Order of Cîteaux, 2,” Analecta Sacri Ordinis Cisterciensis 16 (1960): 3 [3–59].
Annales Cistercienses, ed. Angel Manrique, 4 vols. (Lyon, 1642–1649; repr. Gregg Publishing, 1970), 4:170.
Carlos de Ayala Martínez, Las órdenes militares hispánicas en el Edad Media (siglos XII–XV) (Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2007), p. 178
Alain Demurger, Chevaliers du Christ: Les ordres religieux-militaires au Moyen Age (Paris: Seuil, 2002), pp. 61–62.
María Echániz Sans, Las mujeres de la orden militar de Santiago en la Edad Media (Salamanca: Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 1992), pp. 37–43.
“Aqui se compieçan los establimientos de la orden de la caualeria de Sancti Iacobi que toda es tres cosas esta, auedes a saber en coniugal castidad, en obediencia guadar, en ueuir sin proprio,” Derek W. Lomax, La orden de Santiago, 1170–1275 (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Escuela de Estudios Medievales, 1965), Appendice de Documentos, no. 1, cap. 1.
“[A]b illis mulieribus que viros non habuerint, queratur si maritos velint accipere. Volentibus liceat nubere. Nolentes locabuntur locis aptis et monasteriis que sunt de domo ubi necessaria eis administrabuntur.” Jean LeClercq, “La vie et la prière des chevaliers de Santiago d’apres leur règle primitive,” Liturgica 2 (1958): 354 [347–57]; For the translation, see Alan Forey, “Women and the Military Orders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,” in Hospitaller Women in the Middle Ages, ed. Anthony Luttrell and Helen Nicholson (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 53, n. 66 [43–69].
María-Milagros Rivera Garretas, La encomienda, el priorato y la villa de Uclés en la Edad Media (1174–1310): Formación de un señorío de la Orden de Santiago (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1985), doc. 213.
Regina Sáins de la Maza, La orden de Santiago en la Corona de Aragón: La encomienda de Montalbán, 1210–1327 (Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1980), docs. 12, 15.
María Echániz Sans, “Spaces of Women’s Religiousity in the Military Order of Santiago in Late Medieval Castile,” in Spanish Women in the Golden Age: Images and Realities, ed. Alain Saint-Saëns (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), pp. 3–22.
Gregoria Cavero Domínguez, “La Encomienda santiaguista de Destriana: Los Conflictos del siglo XV,” in Homenaje a Joaquín González Vecín (León: Universidad de León, Secretario de Publicaciones, 2005), p. 464 [463–73].
“E estos lugares todos sobredichos dámosvoslos por heredamiento de Sancti Spiritus de Salamanca, en e qual cassa vos don Martín Alfonso e donna María Meléndez fazedes monasterio de donnas de nuestra Orden,” El monasterio femenino de Sancti Spiritus de Salamanca: Colleción diplomática (1268–1400), ed. María Echániz Sans (Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1993), no. 20.
Klaus Militzer, Von Akkon zur Marienburg: Verfassung, Verwaltung und Sozialstruktur des Deutschen Ordens, 1190–1309 (Marburg: Elwert, 1999), p. 10.
Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici: Ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum, ed. Ernst Strehlke (Berlin: Apud Weidmannos, 1869), no. 296.
“Innocentius etc. magistro et fratribus hospitalis, quod Theutonicum appelatur etc. Sacrosancta Romana ecclesia etc. usque ad verbum suscipimus. Specialiter autem ordinationem factam in ecclesia vestra iuxta modum Templariorum in clericis et militibus, et ad exemplum Hospitalariorum in pauperibus et infirmis, sicut provide facta est et a vobis recepta et hactenus observata, devotioni vestre auctoritate apostolica confirmamus et presentis scripti pagina communimus. Nulli ergo etc. nostre protectionis et confirmations etc. Datum Laterani xi kal. martii (pont. a 1).” Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici, no. 297. The reasons given for this change are no more than hypotheses. Alan Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), p. 21; Militzer, Akkon zur Marienburg, p. 20.
“[P]luribus autem principibus et magnatibus Alamanie, qui aderant utile et honestum visum est, ut hospitali prelibato ordo milicie Templi donaretur, super quo ordinato prelati, principes et mangates Theutonicorum, qui ibi aderant, in domo Templi convenerunt, invitantes at tam salubre consilium prelatos et barones terre sancte, qui tunc haberi poterant, qui omnes unanimi consilio constituerunt, ut domus sepedicta ordinem hospitalis sancti Iohannis Ierosolimitani [in] infirmis et pauperibus haberet, sicut antea habuerat, ordinem vero milicie Templi in clericis, militibus, et aliis fratribus de cetero haberet.” Die Statuten des Deutschen Ordens nach den ältesten Handschriften, ed. Max Perlbach, (Halle, 1890; repr. New York: Olms, 1975), p. 160. Translation in Forey, Military Orders, p. 20.
Marian Tumler, Der Deutsche Orden im Werden, Wachsen und Wirken bis 1400 (Vienna: Panorama, 1955), p. 373.
Hans Limburg, “Schwestern, Halbschwestern, und Halbbrüder des Deutschen Orden im Mittelalter,” in Von Akkon bis Wien: Studien zur Deutschenordensgeschichte von 13. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert: Festschrift zum 90. Geburtstag von Althochmeister P. Dr. Marian Tumler O.T am 21. Oktober 1977 (Marburg: N. G. Elwart Verlag, 1978), p. 19 [14–28].
Gerard Müller, Die Familiaren des Deutschen Ordens (Marburg: Elwert, 1980), p. 50, no. 193.
See also, Johannes Mol, “De Friese huizen van de Duitse Orde: Nes, Steenkerk en Schoten en hun plaats in het middeleeuwse Friese kloosterlandschap” (PhD diss., Fryske Akademy, 1991).
See Malcolm Barber, “The Order of Saint Lazarus and the Crusades,” The Catholic Historical Review 80.3 (1994): 439–56.
David Marcombe, Leper Knights: The Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem in England, c.1150–1544 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), pp. 6–20 for introductions to the early history of the Order of Saint Lazarus in English.
The account dates from 1128x1137. Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185, ed. John Wilkinson (London: Hakluyt Society, 1988), p. 143.
Adrian J. Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlement and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120–1291) (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 7.
“Fragment d’un cartulaire de l’Ordre de Saint Lazare en Terre Sainte,” ed. A. de Marsy, Archives de l’Orient latin 2.2 (1884): 123–24 [121–57].
R. Hyacinthe, “L’Ordre militaire et hospitalier de Saint-Lazare de Jérusalem aux douzième et treizième siècles,” in Utilis est lapis in structura: mélanges offerts à Léon Pressouyre (Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2000), p. 186 [185–93].
Shulamith Shahar, “Des lépreux pas comme les autres: L’Ordre de Saint-Lazare dans le royaume latin de Jérusalem.” Revue historique 541 (1982): 27–29 [19–41].
Kay Peter Jankrift, Leprose als Streiter Gottes: Institutionalisierung und Organisation des Ordens vom Heiligen Lazarus zu Jerusalem von seinen Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1350 (Münster: Lit, 1996), pp. 58–59.
Marcombe, Leper Knights, p. 14; Les registres d’Innocent IV: publiés ou analysés d’après les manscrits originaux du Vatican, ed. Elie Berger, 4 vols. (Paris: Thorin, 1884), 3:no. 6204.
Examples of mixed-sex leprosaria include Montpellier (1150s), Paris, which had a prioress in 1178x1181, and Rouen. In fact, most of the leprosoria and hospitals in Le Grand’s compilation of hospitaller statutes were mixed-sex religious communities. Statuts d’hôtels-Dieu et de léproseries: Recueil de textes du XIIe au XIVe siècle, ed. Léon Le Grand (Paris: A. Picard, 1901), pp. 182, 206–14; Receuil d’actes de Saint-Lazare de Paris, 1124–1254, ed. Simone Lefèvre and Lucie Fossier (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2005), no. 255.
Receuil d’actes de Saint-Lazare de Paris, 1124–1254, ed. Simone Lefèvre and Lucie Fossier (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2005), no. 255.
Hans Stadler-Planzer, “Seedorf,” Helvetia sacra 4.7 (2006): 939 [913–42].
Brigitte Degler-Spengler, “Lazariter und Lazariterinnen,” Helvetia sacra 4.7 (2006): 866 [811–76]. Boas suggests that the Order of Saint Lazarus also possesed a nunnery in Nicosia in 1310. Boas, Archaeology, p. 66.
Penelope D. Johnson, Equal in Monastic Profession: Religious Women in Medieval France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp. 251–53.
Bruce L. Venarde, Women’s Monasticism and Medieval Society: Nunneries in France and England, 890–1215 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 8.
Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jérusalem, 1100–1310, ed. Joseph Delaville Le Roulx, 4 vols. (Paris: E. Leroux, 1894–1906), 3:no. 3243
François-Olivier Touati, “Aime et fais que tu veux: Les chanoinen réguliers et la révolution de charité au Moyen Âge,” in Les chanoines réguliers: Émergence et expansion (XIe–XIIIe siècles), ed. Michel Parisse (Saint-Étienne: Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne, 2009), p. 181–91 [159–210].
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Bom, M.M. (2012). Women in Military Orders. In: Women in the Military Orders of the Crusades. The New Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137088307_3
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