Abstract
The Pareto-efficiency of competitive economic equilibrium is, of course, a central feature of the Arrow-Debreu paradigm. But in 1986 two papers appeared concerning the welfare inefficiency of competitive equilibria. Geanakoplos and Polemarchakis showed that ‘missing markets’ implied the possibility of Pareto-improving interventions; while Greenwald and Stiglitz demonstrated that missing markets and asymmetric information implied that competitive market prices could generate ‘pecuniary externalities’ — with market prices generating side-effects conceptually similar to technological externalities (such as the productive interactions of Silicon Valley or the negative effects of industrial pollution).
For comments and suggestions, we are grateful to Peter Hammond, Paulo Santos Monteiro and discussions at the IEA World Congress, Beijing, July 2011.
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Miller, M., Zhang, L. (2012). Whither Capitalism? Financial Externalities and Crisis. In: Allen, F., Aoki, M., Fitoussi, JP., Kiyotaki, N., Gordon, R., Stiglitz, J.E. (eds) The Global Macro Economy and Finance. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137034250_8
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