Abstract
‘The pope: how many divisions?’ We all know Stalin’s rhetorical question. What he meant, of course, was that the pope has no divisions and is therefore of no consequence in the world of power politics. Such ‘realism’ was long the dominant outlook of political scientists and international historians on Catholicism, and on religion generally. On this point at least, an A. J. P. Taylor or a HansMorgenthau would have agreed with Stalin. Since then, we have had Samuel Huntington’s conversion on the road to Damascus, and realists have attempted to reappropriate religion. Sociologists always took a bit more note but, following the Gospel according to Max Weber, prophesied religion’s ‘rationalization’ or marginalization as a force in civil society. Now that the demise of religion is not expected anytime soon, some (like Peter Berger) grade it on the scale of ‘the Protestant ethic’: Pentecostalism A, Catholicism B minus, Islam D.1
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Notes
P. Berger, ‘Religion and Global Civil Society’, in M. Juergensmeyer, ed., Religion in Global Civil Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 11–22.
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Although dealing with a later period, one of the best evocations of this worldview is R. Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age (New York: Penguin, 1999). Classic accounts include
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Quoted in V. Viaene, ‘De ontplooiing van een “vrije” Kerk (1830–1884)’, in Het aartsbisdom Mechelen-Brussel: 450 jaar geschiedenis (Antwerpen: Halewijn, 2009).
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24. S. O’Brien, ‘French Nuns in Nineteenth-Century England’, Past & Present, 154 (1997), 142–80; and my own paper on ‘Faith and Expertise in the Catholic International’, presented at the conference ‘Transnational Networks of Experts and Organisations (c. 1850–1930)’, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, 31 August–1 September 2009 (Berghahn, forthcoming), from which most of the examples in the following pages are taken.
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For an overview, see V. Viaene, ‘The Roman Question, Catholic Mobilisation and Papal Diplomacy during the Pontificate of Pius IX (1846–1878)’, in E. Lamberts (ed.), The Black International 1870–1878. The Holy See and Militant Catholicism in Europe (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2002), pp. 135–78.
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© 2012 Vincent Viaene
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Viaene, V. (2012). Nineteenth-Century Catholic Internationalism and Its Predecessors. In: Green, A., Viaene, V. (eds) Religious Internationals in the Modern World. The Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137031716_4
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