Abstract
During the twentieth century, the political term “Frankist” carried a distinctly negative connotation in both Croatian politics and historiography, and continues to do so in some quarters due to its popular association with anti-Yugoslav and/or anti-Serbian Croatian nationalists, including the pro-Nazi Ustasha regime.1 The term itself derived from the surname of Josip Frank (1844–1911), the leader of the Pure Party of Right (Čista stranka prava, ČSP), which was the successor to the earlier Croatian Party of Right (Hrvatska stranka prava, HSP), founded by Ante Starčević (1823–1896) in 1861. More precisely, the term refers to the followers of Josip Frank and is accepted as such in contemporary Croatian historiography.2 Non-Croatian historians have traditionally viewed both Starčević and Frank as the ideological progenitors of extreme Croatian nationalism, including the Ustashe.3 Although the Ustasha regime did indeed regard Ante Starčević as the father of the modern Croatian nation, they rejected the political legacy of Frank because he was a Jewish convert to Catholicism, and it would be quite wrong to construct a peculiar Croat ideological Sonderweg running directly from Starčević, via Frank, to Ante Pavelić (1889–1959). The history of the Croatian Party of Right is instead a highly complex one involving a peculiar mix of political ideas including liberalism, pre-modern historic state right, modern Croat nationalism, Habsburg legitimism, and Realpolitik.
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Notes
See, for example, Srdjan Trifković, “Yugoslavia in Crisis: Europe and the Croat Question, 1939–41,” European History Quarterly, 23, 1993, 531.
Stjepan Matković, “Members of the Party of Right and the Idea of the Croat State during the First World War,” Review of Croatian History, 4(1), 2008, 29.
Aleksa Djilas accused Starčević of being “the progenitor of extreme Croatian nationalism, which sought to suppress and perhaps even to exterminate all those who had a different national consciousness.” See Aleksa Djilas, The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution 1919–1953 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 106–107. For similar views, see
Cathie Carmichael, Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 57–58;
Srdjan Trifković, “The First Yugoslavia and Origins of Croatian Separatism,” East European Quarterly, XXVI(3), September 1992, 365; and
Rory Yeomans, “Of ‘Yugoslav Barbarians’ and Croatian Gentlemen Scholars: Nationalist Ideology and Racial Anthropology in Interwar Yugoslavia,” in Marius Turda and Paul J. Weindling (eds.), Blood and Homeland: Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe 1900–1940 (Budapest: CEU Press, 2007), p. 103.
Branka Magaš, Croatia Through History: The Making of a European State (London: Saqi, 2007), p. 194.
Peter E Sugar, “External and Domestic Roots of Eastern European Nationalism,” in Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer (eds.), Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969), p. 24.
“Turkish Croatia” (present day north-west Bosnia) and “Turkish Dalmatia” (present day western Herzegovina) extended to the rivers Vrbas and the Neretva, respectively. See Nikša Stančić, Hrvatska nacija i nacionalizam u 19. i 20. stoljeću (Zagreb: Barbat, 2002), pp. 95–96.
Elinor Murray Despalatovic, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), p. 6.
Nikša Stančić, “Između političkog nacionalizma i etnonacionalizma: Od hrvatske staleške ‘nacije’ (natio croatica) do hrvatskoga ‘političkog naroda’”, in Tihomir Cipek and Josip Vrandečić (eds.), Nacija i nacionalizam u hrvatskoj povijesnoj tradiciji (Zagreb: Alinea, 2007), p. 42.
Illyrian pan-Slavism was influenced by both the long intellectual tradition of Croat pan-Slavism (dating from the Renaissance) and by the founders of modern cultural pan-Slavism, the Slovak poet Ján Kollár and the Slovak scholar Pavel Josif Šafárík. See Wayne S. Vucinich, “Croatian Illyrism: Its Background and Genesis,” in Stanley B. Winters and Joseph Held (eds.), Intellectual and Social Developments in the Habsburg Empire from Maria Theresa to World War I (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 55, 66–67.
See Mirjana Gross, “On the Integration of the Croatian Nation: A Case Study in Nation Building,” East European Quarterly, XV(2), June 1981, 215.
Duško Sekulić, “Civic and Ethnic Identity: The Case of Croatia,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(3), May 2004, 463. Also see Gross, “On the Integration of the Croatian Nation,” 209–225;
Miroslav Hroch, “Nationalism and National Movements: Comparing the Past and Present of Central Europe and Eastern Europe,” Nations and Nationalism, 2(1), 1996, 35–44.
See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 3–10. For a critique of Brubaker’s distinction between French and German notions of citizenship and nationalism, see
Dieter Gosewinkel, “Citizenship in Germany and France at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Some New Observations on an Old Comparison,” in Geoff Eley and Jan Palmowski (eds.), Citizenship and National Identity in Twentieth Century Germany (California: Stanford University Press, 2008), pp. 27–40.
Ivo J. Lederer, “Nationalism and the Yugoslavs,” in Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer (eds.), Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969), p. 410.
As Ivo Banac notes, “the Illyrianist solutions were so heavily dependent upon Croat national and cultural traditions that they failed to attract the other South Slavs—who of course had no particular interest in Croat literary monuments, notably the heritage of Dubrovnik, nor in the defense of Croatia’s municipal autonomy.” See Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984), p. 78.
Stjepan Matković, “Croatian and European Challenges from the 1860s to the End of the Great War (1918),” Croatian Studies Review, 5, 2008, p. 57.
ibid., p. 58. Karl Marx also made several disparaging comments about the Croats in connection to the events of 1848. Both Marx and Friedrich Engels regarded the South Slavs of the Habsburg Empire as “nothing more than the ‘ethnic rubbish’ of a complicated ‘thousand-year evolution.’ ” Cited in Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: 1000 Years of Victory in Defeat (London: Hurst & Company, 2003), p. 235.
Mario S. Spalatin, “The Croatian Nationalism of Ante Starčević, 1845–1871,” Croatian Studies Journal, 16, 1975, 70–71.
Tihomir Cipek, “Nacija kao izvor političkog legitimiteta,” in Tihomir Cipek and Josip Vrandečić (eds.), Nacija i nacionalizam u hrvatskoj povijesnoj tradiciji (Zagreb: Alinea, 2007), p. 24.
Mirjana Gross, Izvorno pravaštvo: Ideologija, agitacija, pokret (Zagreb: Golden marketing, 2000), p. 33.
Jasna Turkalj, “Prilog istraživanju pravaškog pokreta 1880-ih,” in Jasna Turkalj, Zlatko Matijević, and Stjepan Matković (eds.), Pravaška misao i politika: Zbornik radova (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2007), pp. 30–31.
Mark Biondich, “Religion and Nation in Wartime Croatia: Reflections on the Ustaša Policy of Forced Religious Conversions, 1941–1942,” Slavonic and East European Review, 83(1), January 2005, p. 75.
Nicholas J. Miller, Between Nation and State: Serbian Politics in Croatia Before the First World War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997), pp. 30, 45.
Ante Starčević, “Bi-li k Slavstvu ili ka Hrvatstvu?: Dva razgovora,” in Josip Bratulić (ed.), Djela dra. Ante Starčevića: Znanstveno-političke razprave, 1894–1896 (Varaždin: Inačica, 1995), p. 6.
Mirjana Gross, “Croatian National-Integrational Ideologies from the End of Illyrism to the Creation of Yugoslavia,” Austrian History Yearbook, 15–16, 1979–1980, 7.
James Bukowski, “Yugoslavism and the Croatian National Party in 1867,” Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, 3(1), 1975, 73–74.
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See Hasanbegović, “Islam i muslimani u pravaşkoj ideologiji,” p. 88; Robert J. Rohrbacher, “Bishop J. J. Strossmayer’s Yugoslavism in the Light of the Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878,” East European Quarterly, XXXV(3), September 2001, 354.
Antun Gustav Matoš, Feltoni i eseji (Zagreb: Naklada “Juga,” 1917), p. 72.
Charles Jelavich, South Slav Nationalisms: Textbooks and Yugoslav Union Before 1914 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), p. 46.
Stjepan Matković, Čista stranka prava 1895–1903 (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2001), p. 18.
A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary (London: Penguin Books, 1990), pp. 172, 231.
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Jure Krišto, “Kad pravaşi pođu različitim putovima: Frano Supilo i Josip Frank o ‘novom kursu,’” in Jasna Turkalj, Zlatko Matijević and Stjepan Matković (eds.), Pravaška misao i politika: Zbornik radova (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2007), p. 153.
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Marko Trogrlić, “Hrvatska i ‘Hrvatsko pitanje’ u korespondenciji Josipa Franka i Moritza von Auffenberg-Komarówa (1908–1910),” in Jasna Turkalj, Zlatko Matijević and Stjepan Matković (eds.), Pravaška misao i politika: Zbornik radova (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2007), pp. 167–180.
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Bartulin, N. (2012). From Independence to Trialism: The Croatian Party of Right and the Project for a Liberal “Greater Croatia” within the Habsburg Empire, 1861–1914. In: Fitzpatrick, M.P. (eds) Liberal Imperialism in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137019974_6
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