Abstract
In examining the strategic application of space technology by states through the prism of meta-geopolitics, I argued that space technology has the potential to strengthen each of the seven capacities of a state’s space power and thereby increase its weight in the balance of international power relations. Many actors have acknowledged the benefits that derive from space and decided to take advantage of them, as the United Stated and the Soviet Union did from the start of the space age. Given the heavy financial burden of space programmes coupled with recent budget restrictions, the private sector has emerged as a new key player in the space adventure. As a result, space has become more crowded and competitive while states have become increasingly reliant on technologies placed there for most of their military and civilian activities. These recent developments raise new concerns about security in space. Today’s main challenges to space security include a broad range of intentional and unintentional threats, ranging from congestion to debris to potential attacks. Increased reliance on space technology brings with it vulnerability to disruption of space services, while the emergence of new actors in space poses challenges in terms of coordination of orbits, collisions and even potential attack by another state.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
UNIDIR (2010), ‘Space Security 2010: From Foundations to Negotiations’, Conference Report 29–30 March (New York and Geneva: United Nations), http://www.unidir.org/pdf/ouvrages/pdf-1–92-9045–010-C-en.pdf, date accessed 26 July 2011, p. 1.
D. Wright (2007), ‘Space Debris’, Physics Today, vol. 60, issue 8, October, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/wright-space-debris-physics-today.pdf, date accessed 14 March 2011, p. 35.
P. Baines and A. Côté (2009), ‘Promising Confidence- and Security-Building Measures for Space Security’, in UNIDIR, Disarmament Forum, A Safer Space Environment, issue 4 (New York and Geneva: United Nations), http://www.unidir.org/bdd/fiche-periodique.php?ref_periodique=1020-7287-2009-4-en, date accessed 3 August 2011, p. 6.
Wright (2007), ‘Space Debris’, pp. 37–8.
NASA (2008), Handbook for Limiting Orbital Debris, Handbook 8719.14, July, http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/doctree/NHBK871914.pdf, date accessed 14 August 2011.
Council of the European Union (2010), ‘Council Conclusions of 27 September 2010 on the Revised Draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities’, 14455/10, 11 October, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/st14455.en10.pdf, date accessed 28 April 2011.
IADC (2007), ‘Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines’, IADC-02–01, Revision 1, September, http://www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=docs_pub, date accessed 3 August 2011.
United Nations General Assembly (2008), ‘International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space’, A/RES/62/217, 1 February, http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/gares/ARES_62_217E.pdf, date accessed 9 August 2011.
Cf. Y. N. Krugly et al. (2010), ‘Observations of Asteroids in International Scientific Optical Network’, Workshop Gaia Fun-SSO: Follow-up Network for the Solar System Objects in Paris, http://hal.upmc.fr/docs/00/60/28/05/PDF/Krugly-et-ali.pdf, date accessed 14 August 2011.
A. Klapovsky, V. Putkov, A. Grebenshchikov and S. Ionov (2009), ‘International Exchange of Information on Predictable Dangerous Situations in Outer Space as a New Possible Transparency and Confidence-Building Measure in Space Activities’, in UNIDIR, ‘Space Security 2009: Moving Toward a Safer Space Environment’, Conference 15–16 June, http://www.unidir.ch/pdf/conferences/pdf-conf102.pdf, date accessed 3 August 2011, pp. 1–4.
T. Hitchens (2010), ‘Multilateralism in Space: Opportunities and Challenges for Achieving Space Security’, Space and Defense, vol. 4, issue 2, Summer, http://www.unidir.ch/unidir-views/pdf/pdf-uv-29–32.pdf, date accessed 15 August 2011, p. 10.
Cf. F. G. Klotz (1998), Space, Commerce and National Security (New York: Council on Foreign Relations), section on The International Politics of Space.
ITU (1992), ‘Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union’, Article 44, http://www.itu.int5/net/about/basic-texts/constitution/chaptervii. aspx, date accessed 3 August 2011.
J. Oberg (1998), Space Power Theory (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office), p. 97.
Cf. Klotz (1998), Space, Commerce and National Security, section on The International Politics of Space.
National Research Council (2008), Severe Space Weather Events: Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts, Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events, Workshop Report (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press), http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_ id=12507, date accessed 15 March 2011, pp. 11–12.
National Research Council (2008), Severe Space Weather Events, p. 11.
C. Hoffman (2007), ‘Battlefield Space’, Popular Mechanics, vol. 184, issue 7, July, p. 78.
L. Grego (2003), ‘Short History of US and Soviet ASAT Programs’, Union of Concerned Scientists, 1 April, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/asat_history.pdf, date accessed 15 August 2011, p. 1.
F. Tronchetti (2011), ‘Preventing the Weaponization of Outer Space: Is a Chinese-Russian-European Common Approach Possible?’, Space Policy, vol. 27, issue 2, May, p. 83.
M. Krepon and S. Black (2009), Space Security or Anti-Satellite Weapons? (Washington, D.C.: The Henry L. Stimson Centre), p. 6.
D. Wright (2007), ‘Orbital Debris Produced by Kinetic-Energy Anti-Satellite Weapons’, in UNIDIR, ‘Celebrating the Space Age: 50 Years of Space Technology, 40 Years of the Outer Space Treaty’, Conference Report 2–3 April (New York and Geneva: United Nations), http://www.unidir.org/bdd/fiche-article.php?ref_article=2674, date accessed 8 August 2011, p. 158.
T. A. Summers (2000), ‘How Is US Space Power Jeopardized by an Adversary’s Exploitation, Technological Developments, Employment and Engagement of Laser Antisatellite Weapons?’, Research Report Submitted to the Faculty of the Air Command and Staff College (Alabama: Air University Press Maxwell AFB), http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA425117&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf, date accessed 15 August 2011.
T. Hitchens (2009), ‘Saving Space: Threat Proliferation and Mitigation’, Research paper commissioned by the International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, http://www.icnnd.org/Documents/Hitchens_Saving_Space.pdf?noredirect=1, date accessed 16 August 2011, pp. 8–9.
R. Preston, D. J. Johnson, S. J. A. Edwards, M. Miller and C. Shipbaugh (2002), Space Weapons: Earth War (Santa Monica: Rand Publications), p. 58.
Grego (2003), ‘Short History of US and Soviet ASAT Programs’, p. 7.
P. Piazza (2003), ‘Cyberthreats to Satellite Security’, Security Management, vol. 47, issue 2, p. 34.
J. A. Lewis (2007), ‘China’s Military Modernization and Its Impact on the United States and Asia Pacific Region’, Testimony before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 30 March, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/congress/ts070330lewis.pdf, date accessed 14 June 2011, p. 5.
United States GAO (2002), ‘Critical Infrastructure Protection: Commercial Satellite Security Should be More Fully Addressed’, p. 1.
Lewis (2007), ‘China’s Military Modernization and Its Impact on the United States and Asia Pacific Region’, p. 6.
United States GAO (2002), ‘Critical Infrastructure Protection: Commercial Satellite Security Should be More Fully Addressed’, p. 1.
B. M. DeBlois, R. L. Garwin, S. Kemp and J. C. Marwell (2005), ‘Star Crossed’, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 42, issue 3, March, pp. 40–9.
Cf. J. Cirincione (2000), ‘Brief History of Ballistic Missile Defense and Current Programs in the United States’, adapted from ‘The Persistence of the Missile Defense Illusion’, Paper presented at a conference in Como, Italy, 2–4 July 1998, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm? fa=view&id=133&prog=zgp&proj=znpp#starwars, date accessed 28 March 2011.
European Commission (2002), The European Dependence on US-GPS and the GALILEO Initiative (Brussels: European Commission), http://galileo.khem.gov.hu/documents/angol/technikai_dokumentumok/the_european_dependence_on_gps_and_the_galileo_initiative.pdf, date accessed 28 March 2011.
Cf. E. Morris (2008), ‘A Day Without Space’, Remarks during the Public Discussion Forum, US Chamber of Commerce, http://www.space.commerce.gov/library/speeches/2008-10-daywospace.shtml, date accessed 15 March 2011.
Cf. Morris (2008), ‘A Day without Space’.
National Research Council (2008), Severe Space Weather Events, p. 6.
D. Wright, L. Grego and L. Gronlund (2005), The Physics of Space Security: A Reference Manual (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences), http://www.amacad.org/publications/Physics_of_Space_Security. pdf, date accessed 4 August 2011, p. 169.
E. Morris, S. Anderson, R. Hatch, P. Hays, J. Armor and J. Sheldon (2008), ‘A Day Without Space: Economic and National Security Ramifications’, Washington Roundtable on Science and Public Policy (Washington, D.C.: The George Marshall Institute), http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/695.pdf, date accessed 4 August 2011, p. 3.
Krepon (2004), ‘Weapons in the Heavens: A Radical and Reckless Option’.
N. R. F. Al-Rodhan (2007), The Five Dimensions of Global Security: Proposal for a Multi-sum Security Principle (Zurich: LIT), p. 31.
United Nations Development Programme (1994), New Dimensions of Human Security (New York: UNDP).
UNISPACE 3 (1999), ‘Conference Urges Creation of Voluntary Fund to Implement Its Recommendations, Further Work on Legal Aspects of Space Debris, Support for Regional Education Centres’, Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development, 30 July, http://www.un.org/events/unispace3/pressrel/e30pm.htm, date accessed 28 January 2011.
Al-Rodhan (2007), The Five Dimensions of Global Security, p. 60.
Al-Rodhan (2007), The Five Dimensions of Global Security, pp. 72–3.
Al-Rodhan (2007) The Five Dimensions of Global Security, p. 78.
N. Jasentuliyana and K. Karnik (1997), ‘Space Futures and Human Security’, Space Policy, vol. 13, issue 3, August, p. 260.
L. Grego and D. Wright (2010), Securing the Skies: Ten Steps the United States Should Take to Improve the Security and Sustainability of Space (Washington, D.C.: Union of Concerned Scientists), http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/securing-the-skies-full-report-1.pdf, date accessed 31 March 2011, p. 6.
S. Ordzhonikidze cited in UNIDIR (2010), ‘Space Security 2010: From Foundations to Negotiations’, Conference Report 29–30 March (New York and Geneva: United Nations), pp. 2–3.
J. C. Moltz (2008), The Politics of Space Security: Strategic Restraint and the Pursuit of National Interests (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 23–41.
P. L. Hays (2002), ‘Current and Future Military Uses of Space’, Outer Space and Global Security Conference, Geneva, 26–27 November, http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art1989.pdf, date accessed 4 August 2011, pp. 35–8.
Cf. R. Johnson (2002), ‘Space Security: Options and Approaches’, Paper Presented at the Outer Space and Global Security Conference, Geneva, 26–7 November 2002.
DeBlois (1998), ‘Space Sanctuary: A Viable National Strategy’, Airpower Journal, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 51–2.
T. Hitchens (2008), ‘Space Wars’, Scientific American, vol. 298, issue 3, 1 March, p. 85.
B. M. DeBlois (2003), Outer Space and Global Security (Geneva: United Nations Publications), p. 19.
A. B. Englehart (2008), ‘Common Ground in the Sky: Extending the 1967 Outer Space Treaty to Reconcile U.S. and Chinese Security Interests’, Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, vol. 17, issue 1, pp. 134, 142.
Baines and Côté (2009), ‘Promising Confidence- and Security-Building Measures for Space Security’, p. 8.
International Security Bureau of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2004), Space Security 2003, Research Report prepared for the International Security Bureau of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, http://www.international.gc.ca/arms-armes/assets/pdfs/space-espace.pdf, date accessed 29 March 2011, p. 10.
Al-Rodhan (2007), The Five Dimensions of Global Security, pp. 129–30.
N. R. F. Al-Rodhan (2009), Neo-Statecraft and Meta-Geopolitics. Reconciliation of Power, Interests and Justice in the 21st Century (Berlin: LIT), p. 54.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2012 Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Al-Rodhan, N.R.F. (2012). Space Security and Meta-Geopolitics. In: Meta-Geopolitics of Outer Space. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137016652_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137016652_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-33967-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-01665-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)