Abstract
Any study of the relationship of gay writers to the discourse on heterosexual marriage in modern drama must begin with Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), but while Wilde was basking in his all-too-brief success as a West End playwright, Edward Carpenter (1844–1929) was writing one of the works that would make him both a canonical gay writer and a champion of marriage reform. Both Oscar Wilde and Edward Carpenter were born of privilege and became distinguished university graduates, but they took opposite paths. Carpenter imported the muscularity, homoeroticism, and democratic spirit of American poet Walt Whitman to Britain while Wilde famously tried to export his aestheticism to America. Carpenter spent his life speaking and writing in support of socialism; Wilde wrote essays in favor of socialism but was too much of an individualist to be part of any movement. He was sympathetic to Carpenter’s writings on socialism but found them too solemn. Both, in very different ways, became gay icons: Wilde as martyr, Carpenter as champion of homosexual rights. While Wilde became a symbol of excess and depravity for his time and place, Carpenter was seen by many radicals and homosexuals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the visionary who would lead to a more enlightened attitude toward homosexuality.
As long as man is only half-grown and woman is a serf or a parasite, it can hardly be expected that Marriage should be particularly successful.
Edward Carpenter, Love’s Coming-of-Age
Between men and women there is no friendship possible. There is passion, enmity, worship, love, but no friendship.
Lord Darlington in Wilde’s Lady Windermere’s Fan
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Notes
Matt Houlbrook, Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005, p. 207.
Matt Cook, London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 138.
Sheila Rowbotham, Edward Carpenter: A Life of Liberty and Love. London & New York: Verso, 2008, p.192.
Edward Carpenter, Love’s Coming-of-Age: A Series of Papers on the Relations of the Sexes. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1912 (reprinted Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 1999), p. 25. Further references are to this edition.
Edward Carpenter, Intermediate Sex, London: George Allen, 1912 (reprinted Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, Kessinger Publishing, 1999), p. 32. Further references are to this edition.
Joyce Bentley, The Importance of Being Constance. London: Robert Hale, 1983, p. 47.
Franny Moyle, Constance: The Tragic and Scandalous Life of Mrs. Oscar Wilde. London: John Murray, 2011, p. 185.
Neil McKenna, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde. London: Arrow Books, 2004, p. 88.
Quoted in Anne Clark Amor, Mrs. Oscar Wilde: A Woman of Some Importance. London: Sedgwick and Jackson, 1983, p. 202.
Oscar Wilde, The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde. New York: Harper Perennial, 1989, pp. 62–3. All references to Wilde’s works are to this edition.
Joseph Pearce, The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2004, p. 186.
Frank Harris, Oscar Wilde: His Life and Confessions, 1918, reprinted New York: Horizon, 1974, pp. 465–6.
Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde and the Queer Moment. London: Cassell, 1994, p. 73.
Kerry Powell, Oscar Wilde and the Theater of the 1890s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 85.
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© 2012 John M. Clum
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Clum, J.M. (2012). Edward Carpenter and Oscar Wilde: Ideal and Real Marriage. In: The Drama of Marriage. Palgrave Studies in Theatre and Performance History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137013101_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137013101_2
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