Abstract
For Iran watchers in Washington, Ahmadinejad’s election was a surprise compounded by lack of information about a politician the press dubbed the “virtual unknown.” The underlying scramble to figure out who Ahmadinejad was produced some hazy comments about a “hard-line” political faction taking over; allegations that Ahmadinejad was among the American embassy captors in 1979, however, were quickly discounted. Mainstream media also expressed hope that Ahmadinejad would be concerned with internal economic problems and thus soften Iran’s stand on the nuclear program. The Washington Post quoted Ahmadinejad’s spokesman who described the president-elect as a “moderate man” and offered hope for a “durable stable relations” with the United States.1 A better understanding of the internal dynamics of the regime, of course, would have made it clear that Iran was headed toward a radical hardline that would became known as the Third Republic.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Karl Vick, “Iran’s President-Elect Calls for Moderation,” The Washington Post, June 27, 2005.
Mohammed Sahimi, “The Man in the Shadow: Mojtaba Khamenei,” Frontline, July 16, 2009, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/07/ the-man-in-the-shadow-mojtaba-khamenei.htm.
Ray Takeyh, “Iran’s Municipal Elections: A Turning Point for the Reform Movement,” WINPAC, March 6, 2003; Ali M. Ansari, Iran under Ahmadinejad: The Politics of Confrontation (London: Rutledge for the Institute of Strategic Studies, 2007), 27–28;
Yossi Melman and Meir Javedanfar, The Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the State of Iran (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 14–16;
Kasra Naji, Ahmadinejad: The Secret History of Iran’s Radical leader (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 48; Ansari, Iran under Ahmadinejad, 14;
Alireza Jafarzadeh, The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 22.
Naji, Ahmadinejad, 53–54; Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel Iran and the United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 245; Ed Blanche, “Mercenary Economics,” Trend Magazine, http://www.trendsmagazine.net/article_focus.php?/cle=3_30k.
Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 193;
Robin Wright, Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East (New York: Penguin, 2008), 311; BBC Summary, February 23, 2004;
Farhad Khosrowkhawar, “The New Conservatives Take a Turn,” Middle East Report 233 (Winter 2004): 24–27;
Kamal Nazer Yasin, “Iranian Neo-Cons Make Power Play in Tehran,” Euroasianet.org, September 30, 2004;
Akbar Ganji, The Road to Democracy in Iran (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).
Shahram Chubin, “Understanding Iran’s Nuclear Ambition,” in Double Trouble: Iran and North Korea as Challenges to International Security, ed. Patrick Cronin (Westport, CT Praeger, 2008), 50, 52–54; Jafarzadeh, Iran Threat, 139;
Yonah Alexander and Milton Hoenig, The New Iranian leadership: Ahmadinejad, Terrorism, Nuclear Ambitions, and the Middle East (Westport, CT Praeger 2008), 112;
George Perkovich, “Iran’s Nuclear Program after the 2005 Elections,” in Iran’s Nuclear Program: Realities and Repercussions, ed. Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 2006), 44–45;
Barbara Slavin, Bitter Friends, Bosom Enemies: Iran, the U.S., and the Twisted Path to Confontation (New York: St. Martin’s, 2007);
Arshin Adib-Moghaddam, Iran in World Politics: The Question of the Islamic Republic (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 75–76.
Howard, Roger, Iran Oil: The New Middle East Challenge to America (London: I. B. Tauris, 2007), 137–38;
Bill Sami, “Paramilitary Forces Prepare for Urban Unrest,” Radio Free Europe, September 4, 2005;
George H. Wittman, “Iran’s Revolutionary SS,” American Spectator, April 10, 2007;
Matthew M. Frick, “Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps,” Joint Forces Quarterly, 49 no. 2 (2008): 121–27.
Michael Ledeen, Accomplice to Evil: Iran and the War against the West (New York: Truman Talley, 2009);
Michael Rubin, “Iran’s Faltering Economy,” Middle East Forum, http://www.meforum.org/article/1978; Reese Erlich, The Iran Agenda: The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Middle East Crisis (Sausalito, CA: PoliPoint Press, 2007), 78; Nagmeh Sohrabi, “Conservatives, Neoconservatives and Reformist: Iran after the Election of Mahmud Ahmadinejad” (Middle East Brief Crown Center, Brandeis University, April 2006); Naji, Ahmadinejad, 232;
Eva Patricia Rakel, Power, Islam and the Political Elite in Iran: The Story of the Iranian Political Elite fom Khomeini to Ahmadinejad (Leiden, Brill, 2008) 61–62, 93.
Emanuele Ottolenghi, Under a Mushroom Cloud: Europe, Iran and the Bomb (New York: Profile Books, 2009), 91–92;
Masoud Kazemzadeh, “Ahmadinejad’s Foreign Policy,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27, no. 2 (2007): 423–49; Naji, Ahmadinejad, 176;
Dan Morrison, “Persian Populist Wins Arab Embrace,” Christian Science Monitor, June 21, 2006.
Yaakov Katz, “Who Was Imad Mughniyeh?” Jerusalem Post, February 15, 2008;
Steve Schippert, “Hezbollah Operation Leader with Ahmadinejad in Damascus?” Threat Watch, January 26, 2006, http://threatswatch.org/inbrief/2006/01/ hezbollah-operation-leader-wit/;
Dore Gold, The Rise of Nuclear Iran: How Tehran Defies the West (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2009), 242–43.
Gold, Rise of Nuclear Iran, 243; Yaakov Katz, “Iran Appoints Successor to Mughniyeh,” Jerusalem Post, October 10, 2008, http://usraeknatzav.blogspot.com/2008/10/ iran-appoints-successor-to-mugniyeh.html;
Yaakov Katz and Yoaz Hendel, Israel vs. Iran: The Shadow of War (Tel Aviv: Kinnerth, Zmora Bitan, Dvir, 2011), 64.
Marie Colvin, “Hamas Wages Iran’s Proxy War on Israel,” London Times, March 9, 2008;
Jonathan Schanzer, “The Iranian Gambit in Gaza,” Commentary, February 28, 2009; Reuel Marc Gerecht, “Iran’s Hamas Strategy,” Wallstreet Journal, January 7, 2009; Gold, Rise of Nuclear Iran, 235, 245–46, 248–49; Intelligence and Terrorism Center at the Israeli Commemoration Center, http://www.terrorism -info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/hamas_080408.pdf; Con Coughlin, “Israel’s Gaza Offensive Confronts Iran,” Daily Telegraph, January 10, 2009; Avi Issacharoff, “Hamas Dismisses Commanders on Iran Order,” Haaretz, June 4, 2009.
Bruce Riedel and Bilal Y Saab, “Al Qaeda Third Front: Saudi Arabia,” Washington Quarterly 31 (Spring 2008): 33–46;
Con Coughlin, “Iranian Training Qaeda Terrorists to Attack Our GIs,” The New York Sun, November 14, 2006;
Con Coughlin and George Jones, “Iran Plotting to Groom bin Laden’s Successor,” Daily Telegraph, November 14, 2006;
Abdul Rahman Al-Rashed, “Is Al Qaeda Iranian?” Asharq Al-Awsat, May, 20, 2009, http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=l&id= 18225.
David Rhodes, “Iran Is Seeking Greater Influence in Afghanistan,” The New York Times, December 27, 2006;
Miles Amoore, “Taliban Fighters Being Taught at Secret Camps along the Border,” London Times, March 21, 2010;
Kate Cark, “Taliban Claim Weapons Supplied by Iran,” Daily Telegraph, September 14, 2008;
Robin Wright, “Iranian Arms Destined for Taliban Seized in Afghanistan, Officials Say,” The Washington Post, September 16, 2007.
Therese Delpech, Iran and the Bomb: The Abdication of International Responsibility, trans. Ros Schwartz (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 7;
Marisa Cochrane, “Special Groups Regenerate,” Iraq Report, Institute for the Study of War, September 2, 2008; Reza Shafa, “Who Is Brigadier Ahmed Forouzandeh?” NCRI Foreign Affairs Committee, January 9, 2008, http://www.ncr-iran.org/content/view/ 4610/1531;
Helene Cooper and Mark Manzetti, “To Counter Iran’s Role in Iraq, Bush Moves beyond Diplomacy,” The New York Times, January 11, 2007.
Naji, Ahmadinejad, 198; Cooper and Manzetti, “To Counter Iran’s Role”; Joseph Felter and Brian Fishman, Islamic Strategy in Iraq: Politics and “Other Means “ (West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center, West Point, 2008), 47.
Emerson Vermaat, “Iran and Hezbollah Increasingly Active in Latin America and Africa,” Militant Islam Monitor, July 16, 2008, http://www.militanislammonitor.org/article/id/3537.
Rafizadeh 2008, 189; Naji, Ahmadinejad, 12–13; 212, 223–24; Perkovich, “Iran’s Nuclear Program,” 47; David E. Sanger, The Inheritance: The World Obama Confronts and the Challenges to American Power (New York: Crown, 2009), xi.
Melman and Javedanfar, Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran, 50, 149; Michael A. Ledeen, The Iranian Time Bomb: The Mullah Zealot’s Quest for Destruction (New York: St. Martin’s, 2007), 141;
Hooman Majd, The Ayatollah Begs to Differ: The Paradox of Modern Iran (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 49; Naji, Ahmadinejad, 227.
Slavin, Bitter Friends, Bosom Enemies, 71–72; Bill Sami, “New Foreign Policy Council Could Curtail Ahmadinejad,” Radio Free Europe, June 29, 2006;
Eliot Hen-Tov, “Understanding Iran’s New Authoritarianism,” Washington Quarterly 30, no. 1 (2006–7): 163–79.
Seymour M. Hersh, “The Next Act,” The New Yorker, November 20, 2006;
Dennis Ross, Statecraft: And How to Restore Americas Standing in the World (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2007), 11; Slavin Bitter Friends, Bosom Enemies, 213.
Ilan Berman, “The Economics of Confronting Iran,” in Taking on Tehran: Strategies for Confronting the Islamic Republic, ed. Ilan Berman, Tom Ridge, Stephen J. Blank, and the Honorable Sam Brownback (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 43; Ansari, Iran under Ahmadinejad, 47.
Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment (London: Routledge, 2008), 178;
Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons (New York: Walker & Co. 2007), 411.
Gareth Stevens, “It’s Not Too Late to Stop Iran,” International Herald Tribune, February 16, 2007; Security Council Resolution 1747, March 2007, http://www.un.org/news/press/docs/2007/sc89800.htm; Security Council Resolution 1737 http://www.un.org/news/press/docs/2006/sc8928.doc.htm.
John R. Bolton, Surrender Is Not an Option: Defending America at the United Nations (New York: Threshold Editions, 2007), 318–19, 329,442,447–8;
Douglas Waller and Timothy J. Burger, “How a New Iraq Report Could Hurt the White House,” Times, August 4, 2006;
Douglas Jehl, “Released E-mail Exchanges Reveal More Bolton Battles,” The New York Times, April 24, 2005;
Jon Ward, “U.S., Russia Still at Odds about Iran,” The Washington Times, December 27, 2007; Bill Gertz, Failure Factory: How Unelected Bureaucrats, Liberal Democrats, and Big Government Republicans Are Undermining American Security and Leading Us to War (New York: Crown Forum), 18–19.
Dafna Linzer, “Iran Is Judged 10 Years from Nuclear Bomb,” The Washington Post, August 2, 2005;
Melman and Javedanfar, Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran, 141, 148; Gareth Porter, “Iran Nuke Laptop Data Came from Terror Group,” Antiwar. com, March 1, 2008;
Dafna Linzer, “Strong Leads and Dead Ends in Nuclear Case Against Iran,” The Washington Post, February 8, 2006.
Seymour Hersh, “The Iran Plans,” The New Yorker, April 17, 2006;
Joseph Cirin-cione, “Fool Me Twice,” Foreign Policy, 2006;
Hersh, “The Coming Wars,” The New Yorker January 24, 2005;
Michael Scheuer, Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2004), 227;
Scott Horton, “Who Is Behind Coming War with Iran?” Antiwar.com, August 5, 2005;
George W Bush, Decision Points (New York: Crown, 2010), 416.
http://intelligince.house.gov/meida/PDFS/IranReport082206v2.pdf; Kenneth R. Timmerman, Shadow Warriors: The Untold Story of Traitors, Saboteurs, and the Party of Surrender (New York: Crown Forum, 2007), 229–30;
Dan Balz, “Reid Seeks More Clarity in Nuclear Intelligence on Iran,” The Washington Post, June 11, 2006;
Ken Ritter, “Reid Calls for More Intelligence Oversight,” The Washington Post, June 11, 2006.
Sanger, Inheritance, 16; Charlie Rose, “Mike McConnell’s Personal Opinion on Iran,” Current Affairs, January 29, 2009, http://www.charlierose.com/view/clip/9; quoted in Gertz, Failure Factory, 8.
Evan MacAskill, “Intelligence Experts Who Rewrote the Book on Iran,” Guardian, December 8, 2007;
Craig Unger, “A Failure of Intelligence,” Huffington Post, December 9, 2007;
Ariel Cohen, “Making History,” The Washington Times, December 10, 2007;
Thomas P. M. Barnett, “The Man between War and Peace,” Esquire, March 11, 2008; Bush, Decision Points, 338.
Gertz, Failure Factory, 9, 13; Michael Rubin, “Unintelligence on Iranian Nukes,” Weekly Standard February 25, 2008;
Kenneth R. Timmerman, “Skepticism Mounts over NIE Findings,” News Max.com, December 6, 2007;
David Frum, “No Nukes, No War,” National Post, December 12, 2007.
Jon Ward, “Agency Defends Estimate on Iran,” The Washington Times, December 8, 2007;
Tim Shipman, Philip Sherwell, and Carolynne Wheeler, “Iran Hoodwinked CIA over Nuclear Plans,” Sunday Telegraph, December 9, 2007.
Nazila Fathi, “Former Iranian President Publicly Assails Ahmadinejad,” New York Times, December 12, 2007; BBC Monitoring Middle East, February 26, 2008;
Tim Shipman and Kay Biouki, “Bellicose Iran Purges Voices of Moderation,” Sunday Telegraph, October 28, 2007.
Nader Entessar, “Iran Security Challenges,” Muslim World, 94 (October 2004): 543;
Vahid Sepehri, “Iran: New Commander Takes Over Revolutionary Guards,” Radio Free Europe, September 4, 2007;
Barry Rubin, “Who Owns the Palestine Card,” Gloria, February 19, 2008;
Ali Afloneh, “Iran’s Suicide Brigades,” Middle East Quarterly, 14 (Winter 2007): 37–4;
Alireza Jafarzadeh, “The Ayatollah’s Suicide Bombers,” Fox News, September 5, 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/story/ 0,2933,4l736,00htm; Naji, Ahmadinejad, 192–94.
Steven Edwards, “Iran Gloats over U.S. Nuclear Report,” Financial Post, December 6, 2007; BBC Monitoring Middle East, January 14, 2008.
Steven A. Hildreth, “Iran’s Ballistic Missile Program: An Overview,” Congressional Research Service, February 4, 2009, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nukes/RS22758 .pdf;
David Blair, “Iran Threatens Missile Attacks on US Targets,” Daily Telegraph, September 18, 2007.
Copyright information
© 2012 Ofira Seliktar
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Seliktar, O. (2012). The George W. Bush Administration and the Failure of Containment. In: Navigating Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137010889_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137010889_9
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-56492-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-01088-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)