Abstract
The victory of the obscure Ayatollah Mohammed Khatami delighted the administration struggling to fashion a viable Iran policy. In spite of the fact that Washington had little knowledge of this so-called Cinderella candidate, there was a profound sense of relief; as one administration insider confessed, “in the end American policy on Iran turned out to be fine” because of the “deus ex machina of Mohammed Khatami.”1 However, once again the negotiated political order had confounded Iran watchers in Washington.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle (New York: Random House, 2004), 293.
Mohsen Milani, “Reform and Resistance in the Republic of Iran,” in Iran at the Crossroads, ed. John L. Esposito and R. K. Ramazani (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 28
Jahangir Amuzegar, “Iran’s Crumbling Revolution,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 1 (2003): 1–57.
Wilfried Buchta, Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2000).
Behzad Yaghmaian, Social Change in Iran: An Eyewitness Account of Dissent, Defiance, and New Movements for Rights (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002), 9
Mark Downes, Iran’s Unresolved Revolution (Burlington, VT Ashgate, 2002), 134;
Ali Gheissari and Vali Nasr, “The Conservative Consolidation in Iran,” Survival 47, no. 2 (2005): 177.
Ziba Mir-Hosseini and Richard Tapper, Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2006), 32;
Said Amir Arjomand, “The Rise and Fall of President Khatami and the Reform Movement in Iran,” Constellations 12, no. 4 (2005): 502–520; Arjomand, Afler Khomeini: Iran under His Successors (New York: Oxford University Press), 263;
Kenneth R. Timmerman, Countdown to Crisis: The Coming Nuclear Showdown with Iran (New York: Crown Forum, 2005), 214
Geneive Abdo and Jonathan Lyons, Answering Only to God: Faith and Freedom in Twenty-First Century Iran (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 179;
Farhang Rajaee, Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007), 174;
Ray Takeyh, Hidden Iran: Paradox and Power in the Islamic Republic (New York: Times Book/Holt, 2006), 192;
Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival: How Conflict with Iran Will Shape the Future (New York: W.W.Norton, 2006), 216.
Abdo and Lyons, Answering Only to God, 179, 220–21; Asef Bayat, Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 116–17;
Robin B.Wright, The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil and Transformation in Iran (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 73–75, 105; Iran Report, October 9, 2000, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/ iran/2000/38–091000.html;
Yaghmaian, Social Change in Iran, 76; Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, eds., Iran’s Foreign Policy: From Khatami to Ahma-dined (Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2008), 10, 19.
Karim Sadjadpour, Reading Khamenei: The World View of Iran’s Powerful leader (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2008), 17; Tim-merman, Countdown to Crisis, 215–17; Takeyh, Hidden Iran, 193.
George H. Wittman, “Iran’s Revolutionary S.S.,” American Spectator, October 4, 2007; Ed Blanche, “Mercenary Economics,” Trend Magazine, http://www.trends magazine.net/article-focus.php?/cle+3;
Reese Erlich, The Iran Agenda: The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Middle East Crisis (Sausalito, CA: PoliPoint Press, 2007), 79;
Frederick Wehrey, Jerrold Green, Brian Nichiporuk, Alireza Nader, Lydia Hansell, and Rasool Nafisi, The Rise of the Pasdaran: Assessing the Domestic Role of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (Santa Monica: Rand, 2009), 88;
Susan Maloney, “Agents or Obstacles: Parastatal Foundations and Challenges for Iranian Development,” in The Economy of Iran, ed. Parvin Alizadeh (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 145–177.
Rajaee, Islamism and Modernism, 173; Mehdi Khalaji, Apocalyptic Politics: On the Rationality of Iranian Policy (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2008), 1; Timmerman, Countdown to Crisis, 221; Yaghmaian, Social Change in Iran, 79;
Stephen C. Poulson, Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Iran: Culture, Ideology and Mobilizing Frameworks (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005), 262;
Kasra Naji, Ahmadinejad: The Secret History of Iran’s Radical leader (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 188–89.
Shimon Shapira, “The Nexus between Iranian National Banks and International Terrorist Financing,” Jerusalem Issue Brief, February 14, 2008;
Eyal Zisser, Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the First Years in Power (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006); http://www.fas.org/irp/world/Iran/qods; Michael Eisenstadt, “Iran under Khatami,” May 14, 1998, http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/Congress/ 1998_h/s980 514-eisen.htm.
Beverley Milton-Edwards, Contemporary Politics in the Middle East (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006).
Alireza Jafarzadeh, The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 141;
Kaveh Afarsiabi, Iran’s Nuclear Program: Debating Facts versus Fiction (Charleston, SC: BookSurge, 2006), 8;
Gordon Corera, Shopping for the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity, and the Rise and Fall of the A. Q. Khan Network (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 70–72;
Yossi Melman and Meir Javedanfar, The Nuclear Sphinx of Tehran (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 144.
Bradley Graham, By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld (New York: Public Affairs, 2009), 185–94;
Michael Eisenstadt, “Living with a Nuclear Iran,” Survival 41, no. 3 (1999): 124–48.
Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment (London: Routledge, 2008), 87–88; http://www.dfr.org/publications.html?id+54.
Martin Indyk, Innocent Abroad: An Intimate Account of American Peace Diplomacy in the Middle East (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009), 214, 219, 223; Fayazmanesh, United States and Iran, 31.
Fayazmanesh, United States and Iran, 92; Madeleine Albright, Madam Secretary: A Memoir (New York: Miramax Books, 2003), 223–24.
Robin Wright, “Iran’s New Revolution,” Foreign Affairs 79, no. 1 (2000): 133–45;
Dariush Zahedi, The Iranian Revolution Then and Now: Indicators of Regime Instability (Boulder: Westview Press, 2000), 8;
Ali M. Ansari, Iran, Islam and Democracy (London: Chatham House, 2000), 219;
Richard Falk, Unlocking the Middle East (Northampton, MA: 2003), 14;
Puneet Talwar, “Iran in the Balance,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 4 (July/August 2001): 58–71; “Intelligence Challenges for the Next Generation,” http://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1998/nic _speech_060598-html); Indyk, Innocent Abroad, 214, 223, 227.
Indyk, Innocent Abroad, 228; Albright, Madame Secretary, 320, 323; Timmerman, Countdown to Crisis, 228; Bill Gertz, “North Korea Sells Iran Missile Engines: Continues to Move Data, Equipment,” The Washington Times, February 9, 2000.
Aviation Weekly and Space Technology, September 25, 2000; James Risen, State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration (New York: Free Press, 2006), 213.
Quoted in John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, The Israel lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 291; Risen, State of War, 213; Timmerman, Countdown to Crisis, 237.
Copyright information
© 2012 Ofira Seliktar
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Seliktar, O. (2012). The Clinton Administration and Khatami’s Iran. In: Navigating Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137010889_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137010889_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-56492-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-01088-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)