Abstract
The regulation of global crises sounds like a contradiction in terms. If ever there was an era of crisis worldwide, man-made and natural, it is now. At the same time, as global warming, epidemic poverty and disease, international financial meltdown, populations on the move and the erosion of self-determination and privacy reveal, regulatory strategies are failing the challenge. Then why attempt to address crisis with regulation at anything more than an aspirational level?
Bad regulation … can do terrible damage to people. Good regulation can control problems that might otherwise lead to bankruptcy and war, and can emancipate the lives of ordinary people. Mediocre, unimaginative regulation that occupies the space between good and bad regulation leads to results that are correspondingly between the extremes of good and bad. Regulation matters, and therefore the development and empirical testing of theories about regulation also matter.1
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Notes
Braithwaite, J., Coglianese, G. & Levi-Faur, D. (2007) ‘Can Regulation and Governance Make a Difference: Editor’s Introduction’, Regulation & Governance 1/1: 1–7, at p. 4.
Findlay, M. (1999) The Globalisation of Crime: Understanding Transitional Relationships in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
As well summarised in Börzel, T. & Risse, T. (2010) ‘Governance without a State: Can It Work?’, Regulation & Governance 4/2: 113–134.
Gerth, H. & Wright Mills, C. (1946) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (ed./trans./intro.). Oxford: Oxford University Press; Lassman, P. & Speirs, R. (1994) Weber: Political Writings (ed./trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
For a discussion of this in terms of global governance and new politics, see Teubner, G. (1997) ‘Global Bukowina: Legal Pluralism in the World Society’, in G. Teubner (ed.) Global Law without a State. Brookfield: Dartmouth Publishing, pp. 3–28.
See Braithwaite, J. (2008) Regulatory Capitalism: How It Works, Ideas for Making It Work Better. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Cooley, A. (2003) ‘Thinking Rationally about Hierarchy and Global Governance’, Review of International Political Economy 10/4: 672–684, at p. 673.
Ibid., at p. 673; also see Strange, S. (1996) The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bernstein, S. & Cashore, B. (2007) ‘Can Non-State Global Governance Be Legitimate? An Analytical Framework’, Regulation & Governance 1/4: 347–371.
I include commercial constellations in my consideration of the modernised state as they exhibit comparable and parallel authority and power potentials which have recognised and formal regulation significance and may contribute significantly to the sanctioning alternatives within state governance. An exploration of this dimension of regulation within modernised states appears in Murphy, K., Tyler, T. & Curtis, A. (2009) ‘Nurturing Regulatory Compliance: Is Procedural Justice Effective When People Question the Legitimacy of the Law?’, Regulation & Governance 3/1: 1–26.
These are tellingly critiqued in Brand, U. (2006) ‘The World Wide Web of Anti-Neoliberalism. Emerging Forms of Post-Fordist Protest and the Impossibility of Global Keynesianism’, in D. Plehwe et al. (eds.) Neoliberal Hegemony: A Global Critique. London: Routledge, pp. 236–251.
For a general discussion of this at both expressive and facilitative levels see Morgan, B. & Yeung, K. (2007) An Introduction to Law and Regulation: Text and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chapter 6.
This is a question asked by Ralph Michaels in his critique of considering Lex Mercatoria as law beyond the state. See Michaels, R. (2007) ‘The True Lex Mercatoria: Law beyond the State’, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 14/2: 447–468.
Perez, O. (2002) ‘Using Private—Public Linkages to Regulate Environmental Conflicts: The Case of International Construction Contracts’, Journal of Law and Society 29/1:77–110.
Michaels, R. (2010) ‘The Mirage of Non-State Governance’, Utah Law Review 1: 31–45.
Brand, U. (2005) ‘Order and Regulation: Global Governance as a Hegemonic Discourse of International Politics?’, Review of International Political Economy 12/1: 155–176.
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See Findlay, M. (2007) ‘Misunderstanding Corruption and Community: Comparative Cultural Politics in Corruption Prevention in the Pacific’, Asian Journal of Criminology 2/1: 47–56.
Jordana, J. & Levi-Faur, D. (1994) ‘The Politics of Regulation in the Age of Governance’, in J. Jordana & D. Levi-Faur (eds.) The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 1–28.
Esty, D. & Geradin, D. (2000) ‘Regulatory Co-opetition’, Journal of International Economic Law 3/2: 235–255.
Defined by Esty and Geradin as an optimal business strategy requiring a mix of competitive and cooperative actions. Also see, Brandenburger, A. & Nalebuff, B. (1996) Co-opetition. New York: Currency Doubleday.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2008) Reframing Social Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haines, F. (2011) ‘Addressing the Risk, Reading the Landscape: The Role of Agency in Regulation’, Regulation & Governance 5/1: 118–144, at p. 119.
Silbey, S., Huising, R. & Coslovsky, S. (2009) ‘The Sociological Citizen: Relational Interdependence in Law and Organizations’, L’Annee Sociologique 59/1: 201–229, at p. 203.
Wright Mills, C. (1959) The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
Selby, J. (2007) ‘Engaging Foucault: Discourse, Liberal Governance and the Limits of Foucauldian IR’, International Relations 21/3: 324–345, at p. 324.
Pigouvian market analysis saw market failure not as a failure of markets but of market conditions. For a development of these views, see Carlton, D. & Loury, G. (1980) ‘The Limitations of Pigouvian Taxes as a Long-Run Remedy for Externalities’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 95/3: 559–566.
Shleifer, A. (2010) ‘Efficient Regulation’, in D. Kessler (ed.) Regulation versus Litigation: Perspectives from Economics and Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 27–43.
Coase, R. (1960) ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, Journal of Law and Economics 3: 1–44.
Levi-Faur, D. & Jordana, J. (eds.) (2005) The Rise of Regulatory Capitalism: The Global Diffusion of a New Order (The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Series). London: Sage Publications, Inc.
see Jordana, J., Levi-Faur, D. & Fernández i Marín, X. (2011) ‘The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Agencies: Channels of Transfer and Stages of Diffusion’, Comparative Political Studies 44/10: 1343–1369.
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Findlay, M. (2008a) Governing through Globalised Crime: Futures for International Criminal Justice. Devon: Willan Publishing.
Selznick, P. (2002) The Communitarian Persuasion. Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, p. 210.
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© 2013 Mark Findlay
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Findlay, M. (2013). Hierarchy and Governance: Of Shadows or Equivalence?. In: Contemporary Challenges in Regulating Global Crises. International Political Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137009111_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137009111_1
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