Abstract
The Nazi reign from 1933 to 1945 resulted in the genocide of Germans with disabilities, Gypsies (Sinti and Roma), homosexuals, Seventh Day Adventists, political dissenters, and other “threats” to the Volk, including the deaths of approximately six million European Jews. The total number of noncombat deaths during the Holocaust, including murder through massacres, bombings, and killing squads; starvation and disease in the ghettoes; and assembly-line execution in the extermination camps ranges as high as twenty million.1
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Notes
See Berel Lang, “The Concept of Genocide,” Philosophical Forum 16, nos. 1–2 (1984–1985): 8.
Alvin H. Rosenfeld, A Double Dying: Reflections on Holocaust Literature (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1980), 3.
Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, trans. E. B. Ashton (New York: Seabury Press, 1973), 365.
Elie Wiesel, Legends of Our Time, trans. Steven Donadio (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968), 190.
Geoffrey H. Hartman, “Introduction: Darkness Visible,” in Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory, ed. Geoffrey H. Hartman (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 3.
See Lawrence L. Langer, The Holocaust and the Literary Imagination (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1975), 3.
Sidra DeKoven Ezrahi, By Words Alone: The Holocaust in Literature (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 7.
Lawrence L. Langer, Versions of Survival: The Holocaust and the Human Spirit (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 65.
Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, rev. ed., 3 vols (New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 23, 1030–1031.
Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem (New York: Viking Press, 1964), 11.
Klemens von Klemperer, “‘What Is the Law That Lies behind These Words?’: Antigone’s Question and the German Resistance against Hitler,” in Resistance Against the Third Reich, 1933–1990, eds. Michael Geyer and John W. Boyer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 143.
David Clay Large, “A Beacon in the German Darkness’: The Anti-Nazi Resistance Legacy in West German Politics,” in Resistance against the Third Reich, 1933–1990, eds. Michael Geyer and John W. Boyer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 244.
For the texts of these three sermons, see Patrick Smith, ed. and trans., The Bishop of Munster and the Nazis: The Documents in the Case (London: Burns Oates, 1943).
Jacques Semelin, Unarmed against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe, 1939 – 1943, trans. Suzan Husserl-Kapit (Westport and London: Praeger, 1993), 103.
See Lucien Steinberg, Not as a Lamb: The Jews against Hitler, trans. Marion Hunter (Hunts, UK: Saxon House, 1974), 44.
For details about the Baum Group, its members, and its activities, see Ber Mark, “The Herbert Baum Group: Jewish Resistance in Germany in the Years 1937–1942,” in They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe, ed. Yuri Suhl (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), 55–68; and
Reuben Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), xxii–xxv.
For more information on Madritsch, see Arieh L. Bauminger, Roll of Honour (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1970), 13–15.
See Christiane Moll, “Acts of Resistance: The White Rose in the Light of New Archival Evidence,” in Resistance against the Third Reich, 1933–1990, eds. Michael Geyer and John W Boyer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 173–200.
For details concerning the mockery of French citizens wearing the yellow badge, see Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (New York: Schocken Books, 1983), 239.
For more information on the efforts of the clergy to save Jews from persecution in France, see Philip Friedman, Their Brothers’ Keepers (New York: Holocaust Library, 1978), 49–59.
For more information about the Jewish partisans in Paris, see Abraham Lissner, “Diary of a Jewish Partisan in Paris,” in They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe, ed. Yuri Suhl (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), 282–297.
Lucien Lazara, Rescue as Resistance: How Jewish Organizations Fought the Holocaust in France, trans. Jeffrey M. Green (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 215.
Haim Avni, “The Zionist Underground in Holland and France and the Escape to Spain,” in Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust, eds. Yisrael Gutman and Efraim Zuroff (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1977), 585.
Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982), 251.
Yehuda Bauer, A History of the Holocaust (New York: Franklin Watts, 1982),
Marie Syrkin, Blessed Is the Match: The Story of Jewish Resistance (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976), 301.
“Jewish Resistance in Italy,” in Anthology of Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939 – 1945, ed. Isaac Kowolski (New York: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1986), 433.
Martin Gilbert cites the precise number of Jews sheltered in Rome as 4,238. See Gilbert, The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War (New York: Henry Holt, 1987), 623.
Robert Leiber, “On Hochhuth’s Historical Sources,” in The Deputy Reader: Studies in Moral Responsibility, eds. Dolores Barracano Schmidt and Earl Robert Schmidt (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1965), 163.
For a thorough analysis of the aid provided to Jews by the Assisi Underground network in Italy, see Alexander Ramati, The Assisi Underground: The Priests Who Rescued Jews (New York: Stein and Day, 1978).
See B. A. Sijes, “Several Observations Concerning the Position of the Jews in Occupied Holland during World War II,” in Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust, eds. Yisrael Gutman and Efraim Zuroff (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1977), 548; and Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, 581–582.
For more information on Süsskind, see Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945, trans. Ina Friedman and Haya Galai (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 438.
Semelin, Unarmed against Hitler, 41. Harold Flender writes that by the end of the war, the Danes had committed 2,548 acts of sabotage against factories, German military installations, and ports, as well as 2,156 destructive acts involving railroad sabotage. See Flender, Rescue in Denmark (New York: Holocaust Library, 1963), 229.
For the most thorough details about Danish resistance against the deportations, see Flender, Rescue in Denmark; and Leni Yahil, The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy, trans. Morris Gradel (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969).
See Matei Yulzari, “The Bulgarian Jews in the Resistance Movement,” in They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe, ed. Yuri Suhl (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), 275–281.
See Yehuda Bauer, “They Chose Life,” in Anthology of Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945, ed. Isaac Kowolski (New York: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1986), 48.
Charles W. Steckel, “Survivors and Partisans,” in Anthology of Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945, ed. Isaac Kowolski (New York: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1986), 473.
Yisrael Gutman and Shmuel Krakowski, Poles and Jews during World War Two (New York: Holocaust Library, 1986), 106.
For additional information about the resistance in Lachwa, see Aaron Schworin, Chaim Shkliar, Abraham Feinberg, and Chaim Michali, “Revolt in Lachwa,” in They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe, ed. Yuri Suhl (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), 165–167.
For more information on resistance in Minsk, see Lester Eckman and Chaim Lazar, “The Jewish Resistance,” in Anthology of Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945, ed. Isaac Kowolski (Brooklyn: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1986), 313–332.
For a thorough account of the Bialystok revolt, see Lester Eckman and Chaim Lazar, The Jewish Resistance: The History of the Jewish Partisans in Lithuania and White Russia during the Nazi Occupation 1940–1945 (New York: Shengold Publishers, 1977), especially 71–80; and Ainsztein, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, 518–547.
Yitzhad Arad, “Jewish Family Camps in the Forests—An Original Means of Rescue,” in Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust, eds. Yisrael Gutman and Efraim Zuroff (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1977), 336.
Michael R. Marrus, The Holocaust in History (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1987), 143.
Nora Levin, “Rescue and Resistance by Jewish Youth during the Holocaust,” in Anthology of Armed Jewish Resistance, 1939–1945, ed. Isaac Kowolski (New York: Jewish Combatants Publishers House, 1986), 114.
For a thorough history of the Bielski group, see Nechama Tec, Defiance: The Bielski Partisans (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); and
Peter Duffy, The Bielski Brothers: The True Story of Three Men Who Defied the Nazis, Saved 1,200 Jews, and Built a Village in the Forest (New York: Harper Collins, 2003).
Joseph M. Foxman, “The Escape From Koldyczewo Camp,” in They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe, ed. Yuri Suhl (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), 174.
See Alexander Pechersky, “Revolt in Sobibor,” in They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe, ed. Yuri Suhl (New York: Schocken Books, 1975), 45. Pechersky refutes Hilberg’s estimate that only 150 prisoners made a break for freedom during the uprising.
For details about some of the more well-known members who have been honored in this select group of saviors, see Moshe Bejski, “The ‘Righteous among the Nations’ and Their Part in the Rescue of Jews,” in Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust, ed. Yisrael Gutman and Efraim Zuroff (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1977), 627–647; also
see Bauminger, Roll of Honour; and Peter Hellman, Avenue of the Righteous (New York: Atheneum, 1980).
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© 2012 Gene A. Plunka
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Plunka, G.A. (2012). Introduction. In: Staging Holocaust Resistance. Palgrave Studies in Theatre and Performance History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137000613_1
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