Abstract
As with Indo-Bangladesh relations, a wide range of pressures have impinged upon Bangladesh’s relations with Pakistan, although comparatively little study has been made of the latter. The interaction between Bangladesh and Pakistan has been overshadowed by the political upheavals occurring within each of the two states, Pakistan in particular. Pakistan’s long tradition of overwhelming concern for national identity and security, forged largely from decades of rivalry with India, has produced a domestic and foreign policy which strongly reflects that rivalry. The challenge therefore lies in defining characteristics which have been unique to Bangladesh-Pakistan relations and in assessing whether or not other influences, such as those deriving from Bangladesh, have also been able to play a significant role in shaping relations between the two states.
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Notes and References
For example, see: S.S. Islam, ‘Bangladesh—Pakistan Relations: From Conflict to Cooperation’, in E. Ahamed (ed.), Foreign Policy of Bangladesh: A Small State’s Imperative, Dhaka, 1984, pp. 52–63
C. Baxter, Bangladesh: A New Nation In An Old Setting, Boulder, 1984, pp. 101–2
C.P. O’Donnell, Bangladesh: Biography of a Muslim Nation, Boulder, 1984, pp. 212, 218
S.N. Kaushik, ‘Pakistan’s Relations with Bangladesh: An Overview of the Perception of the Leaders of the Two Countries’, in S.R. Chakravarty and V. Narain (eds), Bangladesh, Volume Three: Global Politics, New Delhi, 1988, pp. 155–69. The chapter by Kaushik contains the most detail, but it is written from a pro-Bangladesh standpoint.
B. Buzan et al., South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, New York, 1986, p. 9.
For a discussion of Bhutto’s reasons for officially recognising Bangladesh, see L. Ziring, ‘Pakistan and India: Politics, Personalities, and Foreign Policy’, Asian Survey, vol. 18, no. 7, 1978, p. 711.
Concerning Pakistan’s recognition of Bangladesh, Bhutto declared: ‘I do not say I like this decision. I do not say I want this decision. I do not say I am very happy today’. See The Times (London), 23 February 1974.
Camilleri and Teichmann make the point that states ‘domesticate religion and morality’ in order to ‘use them in the service of state values and policies’. J. Camilleri and M. Teichmann, Security and Survival: The New Era in International Relations, South Yarra, 1973, p. 15. In the case of Pakistan and Bangladesh, individual leaders, rather than ‘the state’, have used this technique to secure power.
Tushar K. Barua, ‘Military Regime in Pakistan and Bangladesh: A Contrast in Political Processes’ in M.M. Khan and J.P. Thorp (eds), Bangladesh: Society, Politics and Bureaucracy, Dhaka, 1984, p. 75.
T. Maniruzzaman, The Security of Small States in the Third World, Canberra, ANU., 1982, p. 15. E. Ahamed also writes that the most important objective of foreign policy is the maintenance of the state’s ‘sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity.’ Ahamed (ed.), Foreign Policy, p. 4.
K.J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis, 2nd edn, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972, p. 371.
C. Hill, ‘Theories of Foreign Policy Making for the Developing Countries’, in C. Clapham (ed.), Foreign Policy Making in Developing States, Westmead, 1977, p. 7. Robert Good put forward the idea that foreign policy has often served to keep an ‘in-group’ in power. Ibid.
D.A. Wright, Bangladesh: Origins and Indian Ocean Relations (1971–1975), New Delhi, 1988, pp. 186–7, 193–4.
L. Ziring et al. (eds), Pakistan: The Long View, Durham, 1977, p. 6.
S. Tahir-Kheli, ‘The Foreign Policy of ‘New’ Pakistan’, Orbis, vol. 20, no. 3, Fall 1976, p. 734.
S.M.M. Razvi, ‘Conflict and Cooperation in South Asia’, The Round Table, no. 299, 1986, p. 269.
S.P. Cohen, ‘India, South Asia and the Superpowers: War and Society’ in P. Wallace (ed.), Region and Nation in India, New Delhi, 1985, p. 234.
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© 2000 Kathryn Jacques
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Jacques, K. (2000). 1975–81: Catalysts and Convergences of Interest. In: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982488_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982488_7
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