Abstract
Although the United States began demonstrating concern over ballistic missile proliferation in the 1960s, it was not until the early 1980s that Washington adopted a policy that sought explicitly to prevent developing countries from acquiring these missiles and the associated production capabilities. This policy was prompted by the interaction of increased missile proliferation with a growing awareness of the continued spread of nuclear weapons technology in the developing world. Specifically, the United States became concerned about the potential role that ballistic missiles could play as delivery systems for nuclear weapons in regions such as the Middle East, and how this might affect regional stability and America’s security and foreign policy interests.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
M. Brzoska and T. Ohlson, Arms Production in the Third World (London: Taylor and Francis, 1986, p. 117.
S. M. Hersh, The Samson Option (London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1991), p. 120.
W. C. Potter and A. Stulberg, ‘The Soviet Union and the Spread of Ballistic Missiles’, Survival, November/December 1990, Vol. 32, No. 6, p. 544.
A. Karp, ‘Ballistic Missile Proliferation in the Third World’, SIPRI Yearbook 1989: World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 294.
A. J. Pierre, The Global Politics of Arms Sales (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 74.
A. Karp, ‘Ballistic Missile Proliferation’, in SIPRI Yearbook 1990: World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 387.
A. Karp, ‘Ballistic Missiles in the Third World’, International Security, winter 1984/5, Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 176.
A. Sampson, The Arms Bazaar: From Lebanon to Lockheed (New York: Viking Press, 1977), p. 243.
T. Ohlson, Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 81.
American allies in the developing world were also encouraged to ‘build their own defence industries, largely through co-production contracts’, under which the United States transferred weapon production technology to allies states such as Israel, Taiwan, and South Korea. J. E. Nolan, Trappings of Power: Ballistic Missiles in the Third World (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1991), p. 20.
M. Navias, Ballistic Missiles in the Third World, Adelphi Paper 252 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, summer 1990), p. 49.
‘The US-Soviet Conventional Arms Transfer Negotiations’, in A. L. George, P. J. Farley, and A. Dallin, US-Soviet Security Co-operation: Achievements, Failures and Lessons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 515.
R. D. Shuey, W. W. Lenhart, R. A. Snyder, W. H. Donnelly, J. E. Mielke, and J. D. Moteff, Missile Proliferation: Survey of Emerging Missile Forces, CRS Report for Congress (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 3 October 1988, updated 9 February 1989), p. 57.
US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Arms Control 1980 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, August 1981), p. 27.
F. Barnaby, The Invisible Bomb: The Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East (London: I.B.Taurus and Co. Ltd, 1989), p. 98.
Taiwan initiated a nuclear weapons programme in the late 1960s in response to China’s atomic capability. In later years, however, these efforts ’increasingly became a hedge against’ the potential ‘erosion of US security ties’ with Taiwan. L. A. Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 56.
Karp, ‘Ballistic Missile Proliferation’ (1989), p. 307.
Son Ki-yong, Korea Times (Seoul), 26 September 1995, pp. 1–2, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS-EAS-95–186), 26 September 1995, ‘US Rejects South Request to Annul Missile Ban’.
The project was conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) under the stewardship of M. Eisenstein, who subsequently published the first major article on ballistic missile proliferation in the developing world. Personal interview with a former US Government official. See also: M. Eisenstein, ‘Third World Missiles and Nuclear Proliferation’, Washington Quarterly, summer 1982, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 112–15.
D. A. Ozga, ‘A Chronology of the Missile Technology Control Regime, Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (winter 1994), p. 74.
J. H. Cushman, ‘7 Nations Agree to Limit Export of Big Rockets’, New York Times, 17 April 1987, p. A1.
J. H. Cushman, ‘Tightening the Reins in Ballistic Missile Race’, New York Times, 19 April 1987, p. E2.
K. R. Krause, ‘Controlling the Arms Trade since 1945’, in R. D. Burns (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arms Control and Disarmament II (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), pp. 1033–4.
US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, The Missile Technology Control Regime: Fact Sheet (Washington, DC, 17 May 1993), p. 1.
The Commerce Department created BXA in 1987 in an attempt to separate the department’s export control and trade/export promotion functions. J. Heinz, United States Strategic Trade: An Export Control System for the 1990s (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1991), p. 20.
Quayle released the report during a hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee organised to consider the emerging tactical ballistic missile threat in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. D. Quayle, ‘Missile Woes’, Washington Post, 14 July 1987, p. 15.
A. F. Manfredi, R. D. Shuey, R. M. Preece, R. G. Sutter, and W. H. Donnelly, Ballistic Missile Proliferation Potential in the Third World, CRS Report for Congress (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 24 April 1986). This report was updated subsequently in 1987 and 1988.
Shuey et al., Missile Proliferation, pp. 52–3. A. Terry and M. L. Avignolo, ’Port Stanley in Range of New Missile’, Sunday Times, 15 July 1984.
S. D. Tollefson, ‘El Condor Pasa: The Demise of Argentina’s Ballistic Missile Program’, in W. C. Potter and H. W. Jencks (eds), The International Missile Bazaar: The New Suppliers’ Network (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994), p. 256.
Karp, ‘Ballistic Missile Proliferation’ (1989), p. 291.
A. Karp, ‘Ballistic Missile Proliferation in the Third World’, in SIPRI Yearbook 1991: World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 327.
T. L. Friedman, ‘Soviets Caution Israel against a New Missile’, New York Times, 29 July 1987, p. A10.
Navias, Ballistic Missiles, p. 21. Karp, ‘Ballistic Missile Proliferation’ (1990), p. 389.
M. R. Gordon, ‘Syria Is Studying New Missile Deal’, New York Times, 22 June 1988.
D. Oberdorfer, ‘US Seeks to Curb Argentine Missile Project’, Washington Post, September 1988, p. A6. ‘Condor II: Argentina’s Mission’, Atlantic News, 30 September 1988. Ozga, ‘Chronology’, p. 74.
A. Karp, The United States and the Soviet Union and the Control of Ballistic Missile Proliferation in the Middle East (New York: Institute for East—West Studies, 1990), p. 27.
J. W. Young, Cold War and Detente 1941–1991 (London: Longman, 1993), pp. 190–1.
M. R. Gordon, ‘US and Soviets Discuss Curbing Missile Exports’, New York Times, 27 September 1988, p. A1.
T. Luard, ‘American Defence Chief Aims to Curb Peking Rocket Sales’, Daily Telegraph, 6 September 1988. ‘China Snubs US Over MidEast Arms Sales’, Financial Times, 7 September 1988.
L. Barber, ‘Congress Forces Delay in $450 Million Saudi Arms Deal’, Financial Times, 27 April 1988.
Saudi Arabia also came under great pressure to sign the NPT from the Reagan administration and Israel. E. Sciolino, ‘Saudis Will Join Treaty on A-Arms’, New York Times, 26 April 1988.
M. R. Gordon, ‘US Urges Talks on Missiles in MidEast’, New York Times, 27 December 1988, p. 3. ‘US Presses MidEast Missile Talks’, Washington Post, 28 December 1988, p. 15.
United States General Accounting Office, Arms Control: US Efforts to Control the Transfer of Nuclear-Capable Missile Technology (Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office, June 1990), p. 2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2000 Wyn Q. Bowen
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bowen, W.Q. (2000). The Pre-1989 Evolution of US Missile Nonproliferation Policy. In: The Politics of Ballistic Missile Nonproliferation. Southampton Studies in International Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982280_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333982280_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-41338-6
Online ISBN: 978-0-333-98228-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)