Abstract
The preceding essay by Paul Orders provides a brilliant review of the literature and arguments on Franklin Roosevelt’s approach to decolonization. Orders highlights the contrast in opinion between those scholars who believe that Roosevelt remained consistent in his opposition to colonial rule till the very end, even though he was forced to moderate his anti-colonial policies in 1944 and 1945 in order to keep his European allies on board, and those who believe that the President became more conservative on the issue during the last two years of his life in deference to America’s national security interests. Orders sides with the former, arguing that in both words and deeds the President remained steadfast in his support for decolonization and that ‘Rooseveltian idealism was not eclipsed by Roosevetian realism.’
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Notes
Key works in the literature include Quincey Wright, Mandates under the League of Narions (Chicago, 1930);
Duncan Hall, Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship (Washington, 1948);
G. W. Keeton and G. Scharzenberger (eds), The Trusteeship System of the United Nations (London, 1956);
E. J. Sady, The United Nations and Dependent Peoples (Washington, DC, 1956);
G. Thullen, Problems of Trusteeship: a Study of Political Behavior in the United Nations (Geneva, 1964);
C. E. Toussaint, The Trusteeship System of the United Nations (London, 1956).
See J. H. Parry, The Spanish Theory of Empire in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1940).
J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: a Study (London, 1902), p. 232.
F. D. Lugard, The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa (London, 1929), pp. 62–3.
Lloyd Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Boston, 1971)
Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of the War: the World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945 (New York, 1968).
Benjamin Gerig, The Open Door and the Mandates System: a Study of Economic Equality before and since the Establishment of the Mandates System (London, 1930), p. 199, cited in
Wm R. Louis, Imperialism at Bay: the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (Oxford, 1977), p. 91.
Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York, 1946), p. 75.
Walter La Faber, ‘Roosevelt, Churchill, and Indo-China, 1942–1945’, American Historical Review, 80 (1975), pp. 1291–3.
Gary Hess, The United States’ Emergence as a South-East Asian Power, 1940— 1950 (New York, 1987), p. 368.
Leland Goodrich and Edvard Hambro, The Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents (Boston, 1949), pp. 418–76.
For details of the conflict between the General Assembly and the Trusteeship Council, see G. Thullen, Problems of the Trusteeship System: a Study of Political Behavior in the United Nations (Geneva, 1964).
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Pungong, V. (2000). The United States and the International Trusteeship System. In: Ryan, D., Pungong, V. (eds) The United States and Decolonization. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333977958_5
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