Abstract
The academic debate on the merits of hedging has identified five main theoretical rationales for corporate hedging:
-
(a)
to minimize corporate tax liability;
-
(b)
to reduce the expected costs of financial distress;
-
(c)
to ameliorate conflicts of interest between shareholders and bondholders;
-
(d)
to improve co-ordination between financing and investment policy;
-
(e)
to maximize the value of the manager’s wealth portfolio.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allayannis, G., Ihrig, J. and Weston, J. (2001) ‘Exchange rate hedging: financial vs operational strategies’, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 91, 391–5.
Allayannis, G. and Ofek, E. (2001) ‘Exchange-rate exposure, hedging and the use of foreign currency derivatives’, Journal of International Money and Finance, 20, 273–96.
Bartram, S.M., Brown, G.W. and Fehle, F.R. (2004) ‘International evidence on financial derivatives use’, Working paper (University of Lancaster).
Berkman, H. and Bradbury, M.E. (1996) ‘Empirical evidence on the corporate use of derivatives’, Financial Management, 25, 5–13.
Bodnar, Gordon M., Hayt G.S. and Marston, R.C. (1996) ‘1995 Wharton survey of derivatives usage by US non-financial firms’, Financial Management, 25, 113–33.
Bodnar, Gordon M., Hayt G.S. and Marston, R.C. (1998) ‘1998 Wharton survey of financial risk management by us non-financial firms’, Financial Management, 27, 70–91.
Campbell, T. and Kracaw W.A. (1999) ‘Optimal speculation in the presence of costly external financing’, in G. Brown and D. Chew (eds), Corporate Risk Management: Strategies and Management (London: Risk).
Carter, D.A, Pantzalis, C. and Simkins, B.J. (2004) ‘Asymmetric exposure to foreign exchange risk: financial and real option hedges implemented by U.S. multinational corporations’, Working paper (Oklahoma State University).
Dolde, W. (1995) ‘Hedging, leverage, and primitive risk’, The Journal of Financial Engineering, 4, 187–216.
Edelshain, D.J. (1995) ‘British Corporate Currency Exposure and Foreign Exchange Risk Management’, unpublished PhD Thesis, London Business School.
Elliott, W.B., Huffman, S.P. and Makar, S.D. (2003) ‘Foreign denominated debt and foreign currency derivatives: complements or substitutes in hedging foreign currency risk’, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 13, 123–39.
Faulkender, M. (2005) ‘Hedging or market timing? Selecting the interest rate exposure of corporate debt’, Journal of Finance, 60, 931–62.
Fehle, F. (1999) ‘Panel evidence on corporate hedging’, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 16, 229–42.
Fok, R.C.W., Carroll, C. and Chiou, M.C. (1997) ‘Determinants of corporate hedging and derivatives: a revisit’, Journal of Economics and Business, 49, 569–85.
Francis, J. and Stephan, J. (1993) ‘Characteristics of hedging firms: an empirical investigation’, in R. J. Schwartz and C.W. Smith, Jr (eds) Advanced Strategies in Financial Risk Management (New York: Institute of Finance), 615–35.
Froot, K. A., Scharfstein, D.S. and Stein, J.C. (1993) ‘Risk management: coordinating corporate investment and financing policies’, Journal of Finance, 48, 1, 629–58.
Gay, G.D. and Nam, J. (1998) ‘The underinvestment problem and corporate derivatives use’, Financial Management, 27, 53–69.
Géczy, C., Minton, B.A. and Schrand, C. (1997) ‘Why firms use currency derivatives’, Journal of Finance, 52, 1, 323–54.
Géczy, C., Minton, B.A. and Schrand, C. (2004) ‘Taking a view: corporate speculation, governance and compensation’, Working paper (Wharton School).
Goldberg, S.R., Godwin, J.H., Kim, M. and Tritschler, C.A. (1998) ‘On the determinants of corporate usage of financial derivatives’, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 9, 132–66.
Graham, J.R. and Rogers, D.A. (2000) ‘Is corporate hedging consistent with value-maximization? An empirical analysis’, Working paper (Fuqua School of Business, Duke University).
Graham, J.R. and Rogers, D.A. (2002) ‘Do firms hedge in response to tax incentives?’, Journal of Finance, 57, 815–39.
Guay, W. (1999) ‘The impact of derivatives on firm risk: an empirical examination of new derivative users?’, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 26, 319–51.
Guay, W. and Kothari, S.P. (2003) ‘How much do firms hedge with derivatives?’, Journal of Financial Economics, 70, 423–61.
Hagelin, N. (2003) ‘Why Firms Hedge With Currency Derivatives: An Examination of Transaction and Translation Exposure’, Applied Financial Economics, 13, 55–69.
Haushalter, D.G. (2000) ‘Financing policy, basis risk, and corporate hedging: evidence from oil and gas producers’, Journal of Finance, 55, 107–52.
Hentschel, L. and Kothari, S.P. (2001) ‘Are corporations reducing or taking risks with derivatives?’, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 36, 65–85.
Howton, S.D. and Perfect, S.B. (1998) ‘Currency and interest-rate derivatives use in U.S. firms’, Financial Management, 27, 111–21.
Jalilvand, A. (1999) ‘Why firms use derivatives: evidence from Canada’, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 16, 213–28.
Jin, Y. and Jorion, P. (2005) ‘Firm value and hedging: evidence from U.S. oil and gas producers’, forthcoming, Journal of Finance.
Judge, A.P. (2005a) ‘The determinants of foreign currency hedging by U.K. nonfinancial firms’, forthcoming Multinational Finance Journal.
Judge, A.P. (2005b) ‘Why UK firms Hedge’, forthcoming, European Financial Management Journal.
Kedia, S. and Mozumdar, A. (2003) ‘Foreign currency denominated debt: an empirical investigation’, Journal of Business, 76, 521–46.
Kim, Y., Mathur, I. and Nam, J. (2004) ‘Is operational hedging a substitute for or a complement to financial hedging?’, Working paper (Northern Kentucky University).
Knopf, J.D., Nam, J. and Thornton, Jr, J.H. (2002) ‘The volatility and price sensitivities of managerial stock option portfolios and corporate hedging’, Journal of Finance, 57, 801–13.
Li, H. (1996) ‘Corporate use of interest rate swaps: empirical evidence’, Working paper (Yale School of Management).
Ljungqvist, L. (1994) ‘Asymmetric information: a rationale for corporate speculation’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 3, 188–203.
Merton, Robert C. (1993) ‘Operations and regulation in financial intermediation: a functional perspective’, in P. Englund (ed.), Operation and Regulation of Financial Markets (Stockholm: The Economic Council).
Mian, S.L. (1996) ‘Evidence on corporate hedging policy’, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 31, 419–39.
Nance, D.R., Smith, Jr, C.W. and Smithson, C.W. (1993) ‘On the determinants of corporate hedging’, Journal of Finance, 48, 267–84.
Petersen, M.A. and Thiagarajan, S.R. (2000) ‘Risk management and hedging: with and without derivatives’, Financial Management, 29, 5–30.
Phillips, A.L. (1995) ‘1995 Derivatives practices and instruments survey’, Financial Management, 24, 115–25.
Pramborg, B. (2005) ‘Foreign exchange risk management by Swedish and Korean non-financial firms: a comparative survey’, forthcoming, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, vol. 13, 343–66.
Rogers, D.A. (2002) ‘Does executive portfolio structure affect risk management? CEO risk-taking incentives and corporate derivatives usage’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 26, 271–95.
Samant, A. (1996) ‘An empirical study of interest rate swap usage by nonfinancial corporate business’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 10, 43–57.
Smith, Jr, C.W. (1995) ‘Corporate risk management: theory and practice’, Journal of Derivatives, 2, 21–30.
Smith, Jr, C.W. and Stulz, R.M. (1985) ‘The determinants of firms’ hedging policies’, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 20, 391–405.
Tufano, P. (1996) ‘Who manages risk? An empirical examination of risk management practices in the gold mining industry’, Journal of Finance, 51, 1,097–137.
Tufano, P. (1998) ‘The determinants of stock price exposure: financial engineering and the gold mining industry’, Journal of Finance, 53, 1,015–52.
Visvanathan, G. (1998) ‘Who uses interest rate swaps? A cross-sectional analysis’, Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 13, 173–200.
Wall, L. and Pringle, J. (1989) ‘Alternative explanations of interest rate swaps: a theoretical and empirical analysis’, Financial Management, 18, 59–73.
Wysocki, P. (1996) ‘Managerial motives and corporate use of derivatives: some evidence’, Working paper (Simon School of Business, University of Rochester).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2007 Amrit Judge
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Judge, A. (2007). Why Do Firms Hedge? A Review of the Evidence. In: McCombie, J., González, C.R. (eds) Issues in Finance and Monetary Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230801493_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230801493_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-28362-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-80149-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)