Abstract
The 2004 enlargement of the European Union (EU) was heralded as ‘historic’ in terms of both its magnitude and geopolitical outreach, yielding the Central and East European countries’ ultimate ‘return to Europe’. Enlargement, however, resulted in more than the mere addition of ten new member states. It also pushed the EU much closer towards what is broadly conceived as a ‘new neighbourhood’ and into an area that the EU considers to be of paramount importance for security in Europe. The future of EU engagement in its neighbourhood will depend on two decisive factors. First, the EU is in an uncertain and difficult period of internal adjustment and consolidation after enlargement and the failed referenda in France and the Netherlands on the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. Second, the EU is about to absorb the impact that new members such as Poland and the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) will have on the EU’s foreign policy towards Eastern Europe (EU Eastern Policy1). It is in this context that the EU is compelled to devise a strategy for the ‘new neighbourhood’ countries, in particular Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova.
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Notes
European Commission, Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument, COM (2003) 393 final (Brussels, The European Union, 2003), 4.
On the external dimension of EU governance, see Michael Smith, ‘The European Union and a Changing Europe: Establishing the Boundaries of Order’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 34 (1996): 5–28;
Lykke Friis and Anna Murphy, ‘The European Union and Central and Eastern Europe: Governance and Boundaries’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 37 (1999): 211–32
Stefan Gänzle, ‘The EU’s Presence and Actorness in the Baltic Sea Area: Multilevel Governance Beyond its External Borders’, in EU Enlargement and Beyond: the Baltic States and Russia, ed. Helmut Hubel (Berlin: Spitz, 2002), 73–103;
Mette Sicard Filtenborg, Stefan Gänzle and Elisabeth Johansson, ‘An Alternative Theoretical Approach to EU Foreign Policy: “Network Governance” and the Case of the Northern Dimension’, Journal of Cooperation and Conflict, 37 (2002): 387–407;
Sandra Lavenex, ‘EU External Governance in “Wider Europe”’, Journal of European Public Policy, 11 (2004): 680–700.
On the concepts of ‘presence’ and ’actorness’, see David Allen and Michael Smith, ’Western Europe’s Presence in the Contemporary International Arena’, Review of International Studies, 16 (1990): 19–37.
Pál Dunay, The OSCE in Crisis, Chaillot Paper 88 (Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2006).
Karen E. Smith, ‘The Outsiders: the European Neighbourhood Policy’, International Affairs, 81 (2005): 757. One should not downplay, though, the challenge of EU enlargement. As Judy Batts put it: ’EU enlargement threatens to widen the economic gap between the “ins” and the “outs”. It could reignite old political and cultural resentments between the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe.’ See Judy Batt, ‘The EU’s New Borderlands’, CER Working Paper, Centre for European Reform, London, 2003, 57.
See Heinz Timmermann, ‘Die Europäische Union und Russland — Dimensionen und Perspektiven der Partnerschaft’, Integration, 19 (4) (1996): 195–207.
Christophe Hillion, ‘Partnership and Cooperation Agreements between the European Union and the New Independent States of the Ex-Soviet Union’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 3 (1998): 399–420.
European Council, Common Strategy of the European Union of 4 June 1999 on Russia, 1999/414/CFSP (Brussels: European Union, 1999), 1–9;
European Council, Common Strategy of the European Union of 11 December 1999 Ukraine, 1999/887/CFSP (Brussels: European Union, 1999), 1–9.
Roland Dannreuther, ‘Developing the Alternative to Enlargement: the European Neighbourhood Policy’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 11 (2006): 185.
Lykke Friis and Anna Murphy, ‘The European Union and Central and Eastern Europe: Governance and Boundaries’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 37 (1999): 211–32.
Karen E. Smith, ‘The Outsiders: the European Neighbourhood Policy’, International Affairs, 81 (2005): 761.
Northern Dimension, The Second Foreign Ministers’ Conference on the Northern Dimension Conclusions, Luxembourg, 9 April 2001;
Northern Dimension, Foreign Ministers’ Conference on the Northern Dimension Helsinki, 11–12 November 1999;
Marja Nissinen (ed.), A Compilation of Speeches (Helsinki: Unit for the Northern Dimension in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2000).
European Council, A Secure Europe in a Better World — a European Security Strategy (Brussels: European Union, 2003), 7.
Manse Cremona, ‘The European Neighbourhood Policy: Partnership, Security and the Rule of Law’, in European Neighbourhood Policy and Ukraine, eds Alan Mayhew and Nathaniel Copsey (Brighton: Sussex European Institute, 2005), 53.
European Commission, Wider Europe-Neighbourhood: a New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM (2003) 104 final, 12.
Michael Emerson, ‘Two Cheers for the European Neighbourhood Policy’, CEPS Commentary (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2004).
European Council, General Affairs and External Relations, 2590th Council Meeting, 10189/04 (Presse 195) (Luxembourg: European Union, 2004).
European Commission, European Neighbourhood Policy Strategy Paper (Brussels: European Union, 2004), 4.
European Commission, Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument, COM (2003) 393 final (Brussels: European Union, 2003), 3.
European Commission, Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument, COM (2003) 393 final (Brussels: European Union, 2003), 4.
European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down General Provisions Establishing a European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, COM(2004) 628 final, 2004/0219 (COD) (Brussels: European Union 2004), 3.
Judith Kelley, ‘New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through the New European Neighbourhood Policy’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 44 (1) (2006): 29–55.
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© 2007 Stefan Gänzle
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Gänzle, S. (2007). The European Neighbourhood Policy: a Strategy for Security in Europe?. In: Gänzle, S., Sens, A.G. (eds) The Changing Politics of European Security. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230801349_6
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