Abstract
Federalism is a protean feature of political life, both in theory and in practice. Its shape-shifting character means not only that federalism varies from country to country and from era to era, but also that it assumes different forms within the same country and era depending on the issue at stake. In the past quarter century, U.S. scholars have identified a movement from “cooperative federalism” to “coercive federalism,” though others identify the trend as being toward “opportunistic federalism.”1 Yet federal aggrandizement is usually selective, and in some policy areas the federal government has made little or no attempt to increase its powers at the expense of the states.
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Notes
See, for example, RobertAlbritton, “American Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations,” in Gillian Peele, Christopher Bailey, Bruce Cain, and Guy Peters, eds., Developments in American Politics 5 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 124–145; Tim Conlan, “From Cooperative to Opportunistic Federalism,” Public Administration Review 66 (2006): 663–676; John Kincaid, “From Cooperative to Coercive Federalism,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 59 (1990): 139–152; Paul Posner, “The Politics of Preemption: Prospects for the States,” PS: Political Science and Politics (2005): 371–374.
Bruce Ryder, “The Demise and Rise of the Classical Paradigm in Canadian Federalism: Promoting Autonomy for the Provinces and First Nations,” McGill Law Journal (1991): 309
John Kincaid, “Devolution in the United States: Rhetoric and Reality,” in K. Nicolaidis and R. Howse, eds., The Federal Vision (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 151.
410 US 113 (1973).
410 US 113, 153.
410 US 113, 222.
410 US 113, 153–154.
505 US 833 (1992).
462 US 416 (1983).
Planned Parenthood v. Danforth 428 US 52 (1976).
167 L Ed 2d 480 (2007).
Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 US 914 (220).
(1988) 1 S.C.R. 30.
Morgentaler v. The Queen (1976) 1 S.C.R. 616.
The opinions and voting in the case was complex, but Chief Justice Dixon and Justices Lamer, Beetz, Estey, and Wilson found reasons for nullifying the law, while Justices McIntyre and La Forest found reasons to uphold it. See Christopher Manfredi, Judicial Power and the Charter: Canada and the Paradox of Liberal Constitutionalism, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 80–81.
1 S.C.R. 30, 46.
1 S.C.R. 30, 56–57.
1 S.C.R. 30, 54.
Lorraine Eisenstat Weinrib, “The Activist Constitution,” in P. Howe and P. H. Russell, eds., Judicial Power and Canadian Democracy (Montreal: McGill Queen’s University Press, 2001), 81.
Weinrib, 82.
Raymond Tatalovich, The Politics of Abortion in the United States and Canada (New York: M.E Sharpe, 1996), 198.
www.lifesite.net/ldn/2006, accessed January 17, 2006.
(1989) 2 S.C.R. 530
Harris v. McRae, 448 US 297 (1980)
Laura Eggerston, “Abortion Services in Canada: A Patchwork Quilt with Many Holes,” Canadian Medical Association Journal (March 20, 2001): 847.
Howard A. Palley, “Canadian Abortion Policy: National Policy and the Impact of Federalism and Political Implementation on Access to Services,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism (2006): 569.
Palley, 573.
Eggerston, 847.
Palley, 568.
Palley, 568.
Jacob Levy, “Federalism, Liberalism and the Separation of Loyalties,” American Political Science Review 101 (2007): 460.
Michael Greve, “Same-Sex Marriage: Commit It to the States,” Federalist Outlook 20 (March 2004): 2.
Ryder, 318–319.
Sandra Day O’Connor, “Altered States: Federalism and Devolution at the ‘Real’ Turn of the Millenium,” Cambridge Law Journal 60 (2001): 508–510.
Louis D. Brandeis, New State Ice Co. v. Lieberman, 285 US 262 (1932), 311.
Levy, 459.
Samuel Beer, To Make a Nation: The rediscovery of American Federalism (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1993), 386.
See, for example, Madsen v. Women’s Health Center, 512 US 753 (1994) upholding the creation of buffer zones around abortion clinics in the face of a First Amendment challenge by antiabortion activists; and NOW v. Scheidler, 510 US 249 (1994) allowing the use of the RICO antiracketeering legislation against antiabortion conspiracies to shut down clinics. However, see also Scheidler v. NOW 537 US 393 (2006), barring the use of the Hobbs Act extortion legislation against such efforts.
Levy, 459.
Herbert Wechsler, “The Political Safeguards of Federalism: The Role of the States in the Composition and Selection of the National Government,” Columbia Law Review (1954): 544.
Wechsler, 546.
Wechsler, 560.
See for example, Jesse Choper, Judicial Review and the National Political Process: A Functional Reconsideration of the Role of the Supreme Court (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980); and Larry Kramer, “Putting The Politics Back Into The Political Safeguards Of Federalism,” Columbia Law Review (2000).
A partial exception was Kramer (ibid., 240) who advocated that judicial review is only warranted once constitutional principles have been settled through the political processes.
See, for example, Saikrishna Prakash and John Yoo, “The Puzzling Persistence of Process-Based Federalism Theories,” Texas Law Review 79 (2001): 1459–1523.
Prakash and Yoo, 1476–1477.
Louis Fisher, Constitutional Dialogues: Interpretation as Political Process (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
Walter F. Murphy, Elements of Judicial Strategy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
413 US 15 (1973).
Christine Bateup, “Expanding the Constitution: American and Canadian Experiences of Constitutional Dialogue in Comparative Perspective,” New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers 44 (2006), 2.
Levy, 326–327.
Levy, 327.
Levy, 325.
See, for example, Bateup, 1–66.
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© 2008 Iwan W. Morgan and Philip J. Davies
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McKeever, R. (2008). Abortion, the Judiciary and Federalism in North America. In: Morgan, I.W., Davies, P.J. (eds) The Federal Nation. Studies of the Americas. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230617254_13
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