Abstract
Since the 1960s critics have used notions of repression and amnesia to describe the difficulty Germans faced in dealing with the Third Reich and the Second World War. Most famously, Alexander and Margarete Mitscherlich argued in their book The Inability to Mourn (1967) that in an attempt to shake off guilt the Germans blocked out any capacity for empathy and paid little attention to the losses of the victims of Nazism or their own for that matter.1 Observing an emotional rigidity in the postwar population, they concluded the Germans did not experience the melancholia or depression that in their view would have been the appropriate affective response to the collapse of the Third Reich, the loss of Hitler, and the confrontation with the Holocaust directly after the end of the war. While this psychoanalytical approach to postwar culture was able to draw attention to the unconscious effects of the past in the present, the Mitscherlichs’ focus on the suppression of guilt relied on an all too unitary notion of collective behavior and memory production. Moreover, their investment in a normative perspective of how the Germans should have dealt with the past prevented a further probing of the presumably absent affects of grief and depression. For decades to come, the interpretation of silence as an unconscious expression of moral uncertainty obscured an understanding of the traumatic consequences of mass death and destruction in the postwar population.
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Notes
Alexander and Margarete Mitscherlich, Die Unfähigkeit zu trauern (München, Zürich: Piper, 1977), pp.36–37.
W. G. Sebald, Luftkrieg und Literatur (München: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1999), pp.19, 37.
Jörg Friedrich, Der Brand. Deutschland im Bombenkrieg (München: Prophyläen, 2002).
For different positions with respect to the discussions of the air war and German victimization, see Lothar Kettenacker, ed., Ein Volk von Opfern. Die Debatte um den Bombenkrieg 1940–45 (Berlin: Rowohlt, 2003).
For a theoretical elaboration of this approach to historical understanding, see Dominic LaCapra, Writing History, Writing Trauma (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), pp.40–42.
Ann Cvechovitch, An Archive of Feelings: Trauma, Sexuality, and Lesbian Culture (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2003), p.7.
Julia Kristeva, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989) p.226.
Michael Geyer, “The Place of the Second World War in German Memory and History,” New German Critique 71 (Spring/Summer 1997): 19.
Jaimey Fisher, “Who’s Watching the Rubble-Kids? Youth, Pedagogy, and Politics in Early DEFA Films,” New German Critique 82 (Winter 2001): 91–125, esp. pp.108–112.
Elisabeth Domansky, “Lost War: World War II in Postwar German Memory,” in Thinking About the Holocaust: After Half a Century, ed. Alvin H. Rosenfeld (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997), p.243.
For the privatization of mourning after 1945, see John Bornemann, “Gottesvater, Landesvater, Familienvater: Identification and Authority in Germany,” in Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the End in Political Authority, ed. John Bornemann (New York: Berghahn, 2004), p.66.
Barnouw, Germany 1945: Views of War and Violence (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996), pp.173–181.
I borrow the term “perceptual paralysis” (Wahrnehmungsstarre) from Louis A. Sass, Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1992), p.44.
Adolf Busemann, “Psychologische Untersuchungen an Hirnverletzten,” in Nervenarzt 18.8 (1947): 337–349.
W. Lindenberg, “Ärztliche und soziale Betreuung des Hirnverletzten,” Deutsches Gesundheitswesen 3.5 (1948): 145–147.
For the connection between melancholia, mourning, and the figure of the pantomime in Benjamin, see Judith Butler, “Afterword: After Loss, What then?” in Loss: The Politics of Mourning, ed. David L. Eng, David Kazanjian (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003), p.470.
W. Lindenberg, “Fehlbeurteilung Hirnverletzter,” Deutsches Gesundheitswesen 2.7 (1947): 225–228.
For the war newsreel produced in the Third Reich, see Christiane Mückenberger, Günter Jordan, Sie sehen selbst, Sie hören selbst: Die DEFA von ihren Anfängen bis 1949 (Marburg: Hitzeroth, 1994), p.32.
George Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p.202;
Konrad Hugo Jarausch and Michael Geyer, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), p.331.
Klaus Latzel, Deutsche Soldaten—Nationalsozialistischer Krieg?: Kriegserlebnis, Kriegserfahrung 1939–1945 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 1996), pp.228–283, esp. pp.275–283.
For the semantics of fallen/to fall in relation to trauma, see Cathy Caruth, Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp.73–91.
The film rejects here the shift from family rituals to modern hospital death that took place between 1930 and 1950 (Phillipe Ariès, Western Attitudes Toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present [London: Marion Boyars, 1976], pp.88–87).
For Christian iconography in commemorative practices in the West, see Meinhold Lurz, Kriegerdenkmäler, vol. 6 (Heidelberg: Esprit Verlag, 1987), pp.215–227, also pp.170–172.
Robert R. Shandley, Rubble Films: German Cinema in the Shadow of the Third Reich (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001), p.125.
David Bathrick, “From UFA to DEFA: Past as Present in Early GDR Films,” in Contentious Memories: Looking Back at the GDR, ed. Jost Hermand and Marc Silberman (New York: Peter Lang, 1998) pp.169–188.
Sabine Behrenbeck, Der Kult um die Toten Helden: Nationalsozialistische Mythen, Riten und Symbole 1923 bis 1945 (Vierow: SH Verlag, 1996), pp.494–528; See also Geyer, “The Place,” pp.17–18;
Rudy Koshar, Germany’s Transient Pasts: Preservation and National Memory in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), pp.95–99; Latzel, Deutsche Soldaten, p.278.
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso 1991), p.9 (notes 1 and 2).
Gilles Deleuze, Cinema 2: The Time-Image, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Robert Galeta (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 1986), p.21.
Julia Hell borrows this phrase from Anna Seghers (Julia Hell, Postfascist Fantasies: Psychoanalysis, History, and the Literature of East Germany [London and Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997], p.101).
Ann E. Kaplan and Ban Wang, Trauma and Cinema: Cross-Cultural Explorations (Aberdeen, UK: Hong Kong University Press, 2004).
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© 2008 Wilfried Wilms and William Rasch
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Pinkert, A. (2008). Rubble Film as Archive of Trauma and Grief: Wolfgang Lamprecht’s Somewhere in Berlin . In: Wilms, W., Rasch, W. (eds) German Postwar Films. Studies in European Culture and History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230616974_5
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