Parthian Empire and the Kushans

Abstract

The Parthian state emerged around 250 b.c. and lasted for nearly 500 years, becoming one of the longest empires in ancient history. At its height, the kingdom of Parthia controlled territory from the Caspian Sea and southern Caucasus in the north, Bactria in the east, the Persian Gulf in the south and Mesopotamia in the west. Its rulers actively exchanged diplomatic and trade missions with the Chinese, Roman Empire and Central Asian states, and during the age of the Parthian Empire the ancient Great Silk Road reached its peak. The Parthians entered the annals of western history for some of the most remarkable military battles in history: They defeated the renowned legions of the Roman general Crassus in 53 b.c. and inflicted heavy losses upon Mark Antony (83–30 b.c.) in 36 b.c., ultimately leading to his downfall and death along with his lover, the legendary Cleopatra.