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The Power of Nonviolence: Mohandas K. Gandhi’s Influence on King and Tutu

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The Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Desmond Mpilo Tutu

Part of the book series: Black Religion / Womanist Thought / Social Justice ((BRWT))

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Abstract

God will judge between the nations and will settle disputes for many peoples.They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not take up sword against nation, nor will they train for war anymore. 1

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Notes

  1. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Vintage Books, 1986), 113.

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  2. Ignatius Jesudasan, A Gandhian Theology of Liberation (Dissertation, Ann Arbor, MI: Marquette University, 1980, University Microfilms International).

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  3. Ibid., 16.

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  4. Ibid.

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  5. Gandhi, An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiences with Truth, Translated from the Gujarati by Mahadev Desai (Bombay, India: Navajivan Publishing House, 1927), Part II, Chapter 1, 73.

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  6. Lewis V. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa (Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press), 94.

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  7. Ibid.

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  8. See Fredrick Schleiermacher, Schleiermacher: On Religion: Letters to Its Cultured Despisers, new edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Of course, Schleiermacher is thoroughly modern is his attempt to construct a universal system of thought to incorporate Enlightenment epistemological yearnings regarding rationalism.

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  9. M. K. Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa (Madras, India: S. Ganesan, 1928), Chapter 6, 69.

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  10. Fischer, The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas (New York: Vintage Books, 2002), 37.

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  11. Margaret Chatterjee, Gandhi’s Religious Thought (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983).

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  12. Ibid., 41.

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  13. Ibid., 49.

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  14. Ibid.

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  15. Ibid.

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  16. Gandhi, From Yeravda Mandir (Ahmedabad, India: Navajivan Publishing Company, 1937), Chapter 6, 25.

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  17. Peter D. Bishop, “Ahimsa and Satyagraha: The Interaction of Hindu and Christian Religious Ideas, and Their Contribution to a Political Campaign,” Indian Journal of Theology, vol. 27, (1978): 53–66. See also D. Bhargava, Jaina Ethics (Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass, 1968), 100.

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  18. Desmond Tutu, No Future Without Forgiveness (New York: Doubleday, 1999).

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  19. Ibid., 270. For a more in-depth understanding of Tutu’s theology, see Michael Battle, Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu (Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press).

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  20. Baldwin, Toward the Beloved Community, 94. See also Beyers Naude, “Where Is South Africa Going?” Monthly Review (July-August 1985): 4.

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  21. James H. Cone, “The Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review, vol. 40, no. 4 (1986): 24.

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  22. James H. Cone, “King’s Intellectual Development,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review, vol. 40, no. 4 (1986): 9.

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  23. M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule (Ahmedabad, India: Navajivan Publishing House, 1938), Chapter 8, 57–58. See also Satyagraha in South Africa, Chapter 2, 32.

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  24. Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride towards Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: HarperCollins Press, reprint 1987), 217.

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  25. Preston N. Williams, “An Analysis of the Conception of Love and Its Influences on Justice in the Thought of Martin Luther King, Jr. [bibliog],” Journal of Religious Ethics, vol. 18 (1990): 15–31.

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  26. J. Deotis Roberts, “Gandhi and King: On Conflict Resolution,” class lecture, Spring 1999, Duke Divinity School.

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  27. John Howard Yoder, The Original Revolution: Essays on Christian Pacifism (Scottdale, PA: Wipf and Stock, 1998), 48–60. The labels “nonviolence” and “nonresistance” are distinguished in Yoder’s thought; yet he uses both descriptions to label his position. This language is used interchangeably in King’s writings.

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  28. Rodney J. Sawatsky, “John Howard Yoder,” in Nonviolence—Central to Christian Spirituality: Perspectives from Scripture to the Present, ed. Joseph T. Culliton, C. S. B. Vol. 8 (New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1982).

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  29. John Howard Yoder, Karl Barth and the Problem of War (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1970).

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  31. John Howard Yoder, “The Burden and the Discipline of Evangelical Revisionism,” In Nonviolent America: History Through the Eyes of Peace, ed. Louise Hawkley and James C. Juhnke (Newton, KS: Mennonite Press, 1993), 21–26. For a history of the Anabaptists, read “The Radical Reformers: The Anabaptists,” in A History of Christianity, ed. Kenneth Scott Latourette (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953); E. B. Bax, Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists (New York: Macmillan Co., 1903), 407; J. C. Wenger, Glimpses of Mennonite History and Doctrine (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1947), 258.

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  32. Ibid., 29. Cf. John Mumaw, Nonresistance and Pacifism (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1984); Donovan E. Smucker, “A Mennonite Critique of the Pacifist Movement,” Mennonite Quarterly Review, vol. 20 (January 1946): 81–88; Reinhold Niebuhr, “Why the Christian Church Is not Pacifist,” in Christianity and Power Politics (New York: Scribner’s Press, 1940); Guy F. Hershberger, War, Peace, and Nonresistance (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1944).

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  33. John Howard Yoder, Christian Attitudes to War, Peace, and Revolution: Companion to Bainton (available at cost of photocopying from Cokesbury Bookstore, Divinity School, Duke University, Durham, NC 27706, 1983), 409–420, 487–507.

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  34. M. K. Gandhi, Nonviolence in Peace and War, Vol. 1 (Ahmedabad, India: Navajivan Publishing House, 1942), 124.

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  35. Michael G. Cartwright, ed., The Royal Priesthood: Essays Ecclesiological and Ecumenical (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1998). See his essay, “Radical Reform, Radical Catholicity: John Howard Yoder’s Vision of the Faithful Church.”

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  36. Ibid., 2.

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  37. Kenneth L. Smith and Ira G. Zepp, Search for the Beloved Community (Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1998), 129.

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  38. John Howard Yoder, “To Serve Our God and to Rule the World,” in The Annual for the Society of Christian Ethics (Georgetown University Press, 1988), 3–14. This essay is also printed in The Royal Priesthood, 137.

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  39. Jane Elyse Russell, “Love Your Enemies: The Church as Community of Nonviolence” in The Wisdom of the Cross: Essays in Honor of John Howard Yoder, ed. Stanley Hauerwas (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999).

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  40. John Dear, The God of Peace: Toward a Theology of Nonviolence (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1994).

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  41. John Howard Yoder, “The Racial Revolution in Theological Perspective,” in For the Nations: Essays Public and Evangelical (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans), Chapter 5.

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  42. John H. Ansbro, Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1982); Kenneth Smith and Ira Zepp, Search for the Beloved Community: The Thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr.(Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1998).

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  43. Bhagavad Gita (The Blessed Lord’s Song), Chapter 1, pp. 35, 46, The Wisdom of China and India, ed. Lin Yutang (New York: Random House, The Modern Library, 1942), pp. 59–60; See also “Gandhi and the Hindu Concept of Ahimsa,” Gandhi Marg, vol. 11, no. 1 (January 1967): 65–66; “Gandhi’s Political Significance Today,” in Gandhi: His Relevance for Our Times, G. Ramachandran and T. K. Mahadevan (Berkeley, CA: World Without War Council, 1971), 143; “Gandhi, The Gita according to Gandhi” (Ahmedabad, 1951), 127, quoted in George Hendrick, “The Influence of Thoreau’s ‘Civil Disobedience’ on Gandhi’s Satyagraha,” The New England Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 4 (December 1956): 468; Gandhi, All Religions Are True, ed. Anand Hingorani (Bombay, India: Pearl Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1962), 196, quoted in S. M. Tewari, Four Questions on Gandhi’s Philosophy: An Attempt at Their Answers (New Delhi: Quest for Gandhi, 1970), 217.

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  44. Cf. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, The Cost of Discipleship (New York: Macmillan, 1963).

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  45. Charles Villa-Vicencio, Theology and Violence: The South Africa Debate, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1988), 72–73, 76.

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  1. Johnny Bernard Hill
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© 2007 Johnny Bernard Hill

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Hill, J.B. (2007). The Power of Nonviolence: Mohandas K. Gandhi’s Influence on King and Tutu. In: The Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Desmond Mpilo Tutu. Black Religion / Womanist Thought / Social Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230608856_6

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