Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

North Korea: Beyond “Backdoor” Multilateralism

  • Chapter
Averting Global War

  • 121 Accesses

Abstract

In February 2007 U.S.-North Korean relations ostensibly took a sudden turn for the better, ironically despite (or because of) North Korea’s nuclear test on October 9, 2006.1 To a large extent because of Chinese mediation, the six-party talks then began in November 2006; between February 8 and 13, 2007, all parties (China, the United States, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and North Korea) finally agreed to implement the joint statement of September 19, 2005.2

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Audra Ang, “North Korean Nuclear Talks Break Down,” Associated Press, March 23, 2007. The Russians blamed the Americans for not assuring the Chinese banks that it would not be illegal to deal with the bank transfer. The Americans blamed technical problems.

    Google Scholar 

  2. David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, “U.S. Concedes Uncertainty on North Korean Uranium Effort,” March 1, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  3. David E. Sanger and Norimitsu Onishi, “U.S. to Hold Direct Talks in North Korea on Arms,” New York Times, June 21, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ralph C. Hassig and Kongdan Oh, “North Korea: A Rogue State Outside the NPT Fold,” Foreign Policy Agenda, March 2005. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0305/ijpe/kongdan.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Nicholas Eberstadt, “North Korea Triumphs Again in Diplomacy,” American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, October 2005. http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.23277/pub_detail.asp.

    Google Scholar 

  6. David E. Sanger, “In North Korea and Pakistan: Deep Roots of Nuclear Barter,” New York Times, November 24, 2002. http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/missile/rumsfeld/pt2_wright.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Yoel Sano, “Talks Aside, North Korea Won’t Give Up Nukes,” Asian Times On Line, March 2, 2004. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/FCO2Dg04.html.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bruce Klingner, “China Shock for South Korea,” Asian Times On line, September 11, 2004, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/korea/FI11Dg03.html (accessed on March 30, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Yoshinori Takeda, “Putin’s Foreign Policy toward North Korea,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific (March 3, 2006): 1411. http://irap.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/lci141v1.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sieff Martin, “Putin’s China Visit Shifts Power,” March 23, 2006. http://www.america-russia.nedeng/geopolitics/113619502.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Alexander Vorontsov, “FOCUS: Economic Engagement with N. Korea Becoming Reality: Expert,” Japan Economic Newswire, March 14, 2006. http://asia.news.yahoo.com/060314/kyodo/d8gb1p7o0.html.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Darryl Howlen, “A Concert of the Willing: A New Means for Denuclearising the Korean Peninsula,” in Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The Transatlantic Debate, ed. Ettore Greco, Giovanni Gasparni, and Riccardo Alcaro IAI Quaderni (February 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bruce B. Auster and Kevin Whitelaw, “Upping the Ante for Kim Jong II: Pentagon Plan 5030, a New Blueprint for Facing Down North Korea,” US News and World Report (July 21, 2003). http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/030721/21korea.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Erich Marquardt, “U.S. Struggles to Place Pressure on North Korea,” PINR, March, 23 2005). http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=281&language_id=1.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Todd Walters, “The Fourth Round of Six-Party Talks.” PINR, September 5, 2005.http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=360&languageid=1.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Moon Ihlwan, “Bridging the Korean Economic Divide,” Business Week (March 7, 2006). http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/\content/mar2006/gb20060307_843108.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Choe Sang-Hun, “Roh Warns U.S. over N. Korea: Blunt Speech Shows Rift between allies,” International Herald Tribune, January 26, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cameron Stewart, “Dirty Secrets of the Soprano State,” The Australian, March 11, 2006. The Sopranos is an American TV show about a mafia family.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Donald Kirk, “Back from China, Kim Jong Il Eyes Ally’s Success—and Largess,” Christian Science Monitor, January 19, 2006. http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0119/p04s01-woap.html?s=widep.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Michael E. O’Hanlon, “‘A Master Plan’ to Deal with North Korea,” Brookings Policy Brief, No. 114 (January 2003). http://www.brookings.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb114.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bruce Klingner“China Shock for South Korea,” Asian Times On line, September 11, 2004. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/korea/FI11Dg03.htm1.

    Google Scholar 

  22. On rising tensions in Asia, see ibid, chapter 6. See also Colin Robinson and Rear Adm. (Ret.) Stephen H. Baker, “Stand-off with North Korea: War Scenarios and Consequences,” Center for Defense Information, June 26, 2003. For a theoretical discussion of major power war in Asia,

    Google Scholar 

  23. see Aaron L. Friedberg, “The Future of U.S.-China Relations; Is Conflict Inevitable?” International Security (Fall 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Professor Shi Yinhing of Beijing’s Renmin University put it this way: “A North Korea alienated from China would allow the U.S. military to ignore the Korean peninsula in any conflict with China over Taiwan. … If there is a confrontation with Taiwan and the (U.S. Navy’s) 7th Fleet, what value then can North Korea have? Minimal value if it collapses … So it is not denuclearization that is China’s number one goal. Number one is peace on the Korean peninsula.” See Jim Landers, “China in a Delicate Position Regarding Future of Long-Time Ally North Korea,” Dallas Morning News, January 6, 2006. http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/13555490.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Howard W. French, “Letter from China: Is the U.S. Plunging into ‘Historical Error’?” International Herald Tribune, June 1, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Human Rights Watch, “China: Curbs on Lawyers Could Intensify Social Unrest” (December 12, 2006). http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/12/12/china14791_txt.htm. In effect, the more China takes the “capitalist road,” the more it is confronted with internal dissent, particularly directed at local and provincial authorities.

    Google Scholar 

  27. See Andrew Wedeman in Sujian Guo, ed., China’s “Peaceful Rise” in the 21st Century (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Anita Chan, “Made in China: Wal-Mart Union,” Yale Global, October 12, 2006. On multinational corporate investments in China and related loss of 2.8 to 3 million manufacturing jobs,

    Google Scholar 

  29. see Walden Bello, Dilemmas of Domination (London: Zed Books, 2005), 93–97.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Matt Benjamin and Julianna Goldman, “Paulson Is Attacked for Softer Stance on Yuan Policy,” Updatel, Bloomberg (December 20, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  31. On ethanol, see Antoaneta Bezlova, “China: Food First, Not Fuel” (IPS) Jun 15, 2007. Toshiba of Japan spent $5.4 billion in 2006 to acquire the U.S. Westinghouse Electric in part in expectation of the huge China nuclear market.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ariana Eunjung Cha, “China Embraces Nuclear Future,” Washington Post, May 29, 2007. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/28/AR2007052 801051_pf.html. On problems in the nuclear industry in southeast Asia, see: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=17896.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Richard Spencer, “Tension Rises as China Scours the Globe for Energy,” November 19, 2004. http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1892.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hajime Izumi and Katsuhisa Furukawa, “Not Going Nuclear: Japan’s Response to North Korea’s Nuclear Test,” Arms Control Today (June 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Chietigj Bajpaee, “Strategic Interests Pull Japan and India Together,” February 16, 2007, http://www.pinr.com.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Stephen Blank, “China’s Energy Crossroads” Perspective (Volume 16, Number 3 May 2006), http://www.bu.edu/iscip/vol16/blank2.html.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Spencer, “Tension Rises as China Scours the Globe for Energy.” Daily Telegraph (November 19, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Joseph Kahn, “China Shows Assertiveness in Weapons Test,” New York Times, January 20, 2006. See also Xuetang Guo, in Sujian Guo, ed., China’s “Peaceful Rise” in the 21st Century, p. 161.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kurt M. Campbell; Jeremiah Gertler, The Paths Ahead: Missile Defense in Asia CSIS (March 2006) http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/0603_pathsahead.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  40. David DeVoss, “Deal or No Deal: The Complicated Business of Defending Taiwan,” Weekly Standard, November 28, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Douglas E. Streusand, “Geopolitics versus Globalization,” in Sam J. Tangredi, ed., Globalization and Maritime Power, National Defense University, 2002. http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Books/Books 2002/GlobalizationandMaritimePowerDec02/01_toc.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Simon Romero, “Chávez Moves to Nationalize Two Industries,” New York Times, January 9, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Quoted in Gal Luft, “In Search of Crude China goes to the Americas,” Institute for the Analysis of Global Security: Energy Security, January 18, 2005. http://www.iags.org/n0118041.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Jim Rutenberg and Larry Rohter, “Bush and Chávez Spar at Distance over Latin Visit,” New York Times, March 10, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Edmund L. Aandrews and Larry Rohter, “U.S. and Brazil Seek to Promote Ethanol in West,” New York Times, March 2, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lester R. Brown, “Plan B 2.0,” Earth Policy Institute, 2006. http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/PB2/Contents.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Juan Forero, “Colombia’s Coca Survives U.S. Plan to Uproot It,” New York Times, August 19, 2006. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/08/19/americalweb.0819coca.php; http://www.cmu.edu/clips/v212.html — link. In 2004 John Walters, the head of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, stated that the $3.3 billion Plan Colombia begun in 2000 had failed to make a significant dent in the amount of cocaine flowing out of that country. Ted Galen Carpenter, “Yet Another Drug War Failure,” August 13, 2004. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=2783. In 2000, U.S. consumers spent an estimated $36.1 billion on cocaine.

    Google Scholar 

  48. For background, see Cynthia J. Arnson and Teresa Whitfield in Grasping the Nettle, eds. Crocker, Hampson, and Aall (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Georges Estievenart, “Opium in and from Afghanistan,” World Political Forum, (October 27, 2006). See “U.S. Fails to Reduce Opium Crop,” International Herald Tribune (August 26, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Samuel Huntington. “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy (March/April 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  51. See also critique of Huntington’s position: Philippa Strum and Andrew Selee, “The Hispanic Challenge? What We Know About Latino Immigration” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (March 29, 2004) http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/HispChall.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  52. For an overview of immigration from Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala during the 1980s, see Ruth Ellen Wasem “Central American Asylum Seekers: Impact of 1996 Immigration Law,” Congressional Research Center (Updated November 21, 1997). http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs//data/1997/upl-meta-crs-463/97–810epw_1997Nov21.pdf?PHPSESSID=e6fec1d875a24eed7972ff3cdb30541 a.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Matthew Continetti, The Weekly Standard, June 5, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  54. For background on Congressional positions (June 14, 2007) see “Key Issues in the Immigration Reform Debate,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/immigration_primer_060807.html?hpid=topnews#overview. Darryl Fears, “Guest-Worker Program Part of Government’s Immigration Plan,” Washington Post (March 30, 2007, A08).

    Google Scholar 

  55. In September 2006, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) awarded initial contracts — worth upwards of $2 billion — for the high-tech surveillance technology along border region to weapons giant Boeing. Secure Border Strategic Plan of the DHS estimated the total costs for equipment, logistics, and manpower at $7.6 billion though FY 2011, but still was not certain. See Frida Berrigan, “Militarizing the Border” Foreign Policy in Focus (April 12, 2007) http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4146.

    Google Scholar 

  56. See comments of the governor of Arizona, Janet Napolitano, “Don’t Forget the Border,” New York Times, June 1, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  57. For details, see Gordon H. Hanson, “Why Does Immigration Divide America? Public Finance and Political Opposition to Open Borders,” The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies Working Paper 129, December 2005, pp. 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kristin F. Butcher Anne Morrison Piehl, “Why are Immigrants’ Incarceration Rates So Low? Evidence on Selective Immigration, Deterrence, and Deportation” Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago November 2005 http://www.chicagofed.org/publications/workingpapers/wp2005_19.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Siobhan Gorman, “New Border Security System Raises Cost-Benefit Concerns,” National Journal (May 30, 2003). http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0503/053003nj1.htm. As Gorman observes: “A recent Justice Department inspector general’s report found that the INS was able to kick out just 13 percent of foreigners who had not been detained after being issued final deportation orders. The INS successfully deported just 6 percent of those undetained foreigners who came from countries declared to be state sponsors of terrorism.”

    Google Scholar 

  60. El Diario/La Prensa, March 6, 2006, cited by Saurav Sarkar, “The False Debate over ‘Broken Borders,’” FAIR (May/June 2006). http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2896.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Stuart Anderson, “The Impact of Agricultural Guest Worker Programs on Illegal Immigration,” The National Foundation for American Policy, November 2003. http://www.nfap.com/researchactivities/studies/Nov_studyl.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ted Robbins, “San Diego Fence Provides Lessons in Border Control,” National Public Radio, April 6, 2006. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyld=5323928.

    Google Scholar 

  63. See Jerry Seper, “Al-Qaida Seeks Tie to Local Gangs,” Washington Times, September 28, 2004. http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040928–123346-3928r.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  64. See Mandalit del Barco, “International Reach of the Mara Salvatrucha,” National Public Radio, All Things Considered, March 17, 2005. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyld=4539688.

    Google Scholar 

  65. David Leonhardt, “Immigrants and Prison,” New York Times (May 30, 2007) http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/30/business/301eonside.html. See also Kristin F. Butcher Anne Morrison Piehl, op.cit.

    Google Scholar 

  66. PEW Hispanic Center, “America’s Immigration Quandry,” March 30, 2006, pp. 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Hall Gardner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2007 Hall Gardner

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gardner, H. (2007). North Korea: Beyond “Backdoor” Multilateralism. In: Averting Global War. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230608733_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation