Abstract
The historical situation in Italy between 1943 and 1945—to a certain extent, even up to the attainment of the Republic on June 2, 1946—remains one of the most complex in the European context, during World War II and the transition to the postwar order.
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Notes
It is Elena Aga Rossi’s merit to have insisted on the historical significance the Armistice represented for Italy as a turning point that definitively averted the prospect of an unconditional surrender, overcoming a great deal of important opposition among the Allies. See E. Aga Rossi, L’inganno reciproco. L’armistizio tra l’Italia e gli anglo americani del Settembre 1943 ( Rome: Archival Heritage Central Office, 1993 ), 9–80; see also the later edition, Una nazione allo sbando ( Bologna: Il Mulino, 1996 ); English edition: A Nation Collapses, trans. Harvey Fergusson, II ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 ).
Federico Chabod, L’Italia contemporanea 1918–1948 ( Turin: Einaudi, 1961 ), 117–19;
see also Dante Livio Bianco, Guerra partigiana (Turin: Einaudi, 1954); Giorgio Bocca, Storia dell’Italia partigiana (Bari: Laterza, 1966); La guerriglia in Italia. Documenti della Resistenza militare italiana, ed. Pietro Secchia ( Milan: Feltrinelli, 1969 );
Pietro Secchia and Fillipo Frassati, Storia della Resistenza ( Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1965 );
Gianni Oliva, I vinti e i liberati, 8 Settembre 1943–1925 Aprile 1945. Storia di due anni ( Milan: Mondadori, 1994 ).
Claudio Pavone, “Tre governi e due occupazioni,” Italia Contemporanea, no. 160 (1985): 57–79.
But on the theme of the different wartime and postwar experiences of southern Italy, see A. degli Espinosa, Il regime del Sud. 8 Settembre 1943–1944 Giugno 1944 ( Rome: Migliaresi, 1946 );
Nicola Gallerano, ed., L’altro dopoguerra. Roma e il Sud 1943–1945 ( Milan: Franco Angeli, 1985 ).
Benedetto Croce, Quando l’Italia era tagliata in due. Estratto di un diario (luglio 1943—giugno 1944) (Bari: Laterza, 1948), 84ff.
See Guido Quazza, La Resistenza italiana. Appunti e documenti (Turin: Giappichelli, 1996), 158ff.;
G. Quazza, Resistenza e storia d’Italia. Problemi e ipotesi di ricerca ( Milan: Feltrinelli, 1976 );
G. Quazza, L. Valiani, and E. Volterra, Il governo dei CLN ( Turin: Giappichelli, 1996 );
Leo Valiani, G. Bianchi, and Ernesto Ragionieri, Azionisti cattolici e comunisti nella Resistenza ( Milan: Rizzoli, 1971 );
Franco Catalano, Storia del CLNAI ( Bari: Laterza, 1956 ).
See Enzo Collotti, L’amministrazione tedesca dell’Italia occupata 1943–1945, Studi e documenti (Milan: Lerici, 1963), 35ff.
N. Cospito and H. W. Neulen, Salà-Berlino. L’alleanza difficile ( Milan: Mursia, 1992 );
but above all F. W. Deakin, La brutale amicizia: Mussolini, Hitler e la caduta del fascismo italiano ( Turin: Einaudi, 1962 ), 113–249.
See also L. Cafani and B. Mantelli, “Una Certa Europa. Il Collaborazionismo con le Potenze dell’Asse,” Annali della Fondazione Micheletti, no. 6 (1994): 188ff.
Deakin, La brutale amicizia 592. See also Daniella Gagliani, Le Brigate Nere (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1999), 165ff.; Deakin, “La Repubblica Sociale Italiana,” Annali della Fondazione Micheletti no. 2 (1986): 154ff.
See Felix Gilbert, ed., Hitler Directs His War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 37ff.
as well as the work by Francis Harry Hinsley, Hitler’s Strategy ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952 ).
But see also the eyewitness accounts of Galeazzo Ciano, Diario 1939–1943 (Milan: Rizzoli, 1946), 2:225;
Leonardo Simoni, Berlino. Ambasciata d’Italia 1939–1943 (Rome: Migliaresi, 1946), 299ff.;
Deakin, La brutale amicizia 221–44; as well as theAtti del II Convegno di Storia del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia, Milano 5 dicembre 1954; La crisi italiana del 1943 e gli inizi della Resistenza,in Il movimento di liberacione in Italia (review), Special Issue, no. 35 (1955): 1–2. The German memoirs, on the other hand, require close scrutiny: Eugene Dollmann, Roma nazista (Milan: Longanesi, 1951); Enno von Rintelen, Mussolini l’alleato (Rome: Corso, 1952). Regarding the German intention of eliminating Italian institutions after September 8, see The Goebbels Diary 1942–1943 ed. and trans. L. Lochner (London: Doubleday, 1948), 572. As regards the question itself of the publication of the diaries—Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Sämtliche Fragmente, Herausgegeben von E. Frölich 4 vols. (Munich: Institut für Zeitgeschichte, 1992)—see Enzo Collotti, “La storia infinita. I Diari di Goebbels,” Passato e Presente, no. 34 (January–April 1995): 165–70.
See Martin Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1969);
Hans Mommsen, “Ausnahmezustand als Herrschafttechnik des NS-Regimens,” in Hitler, Deutschland und die Mächte, ed. Manfred Funke, 30–45 ( Düsseldorf: Droste, 1997 ).
See also Peter Hüttenberg, “Nazionalsozialistische Polykratie,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 2 (1976): 417–42.
For views opposed to the hypotheses of Broszat and Mommsen, see Klaus Hildebrandt, “Monokratie oder Polykratie? Hitlers Herrschaft und das Dritte Reich,” in Der Führerstaat. Mythos und Realität, ed. G. Hirschfeld and L. Ketternacker (Stuttgart: Klett-Lotta, 1985), 95ff.;
Lutz Klinkhammer, L’occupazione tedesca in Italia 1943–1945 ( Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1993 ), 52.
Further (but not exhaustive) bibliographical references: Gallerano, ed., L’altro dopoguerra; F. Costantino, Guerra, Resistenza, dopoguerra in Abruzzo ( Milan: Franco Angeli, 1993 );
L. Cortesi, G. Percopo, P. Salvetti et al., La Campania dal fascismo alla Repubblica, 2 vols. ( Naples: Regione Campania, 1977 );
Gloria Chianese, ed., Mezzogiorno 1943. La scelta, la lotta, la speranza ( Naples: Edizione Scientifiche Italiane, 1996 ); Chianese, ed., Mezzogiorno: percorsi della memoria tra guerra e dopoguerra monographic issue of “Nord e Sud,” no. 6 (1996).
Claudio Pavone, review of La fine di una stagione. Memoria 1943–1945 by Roberto Vivarelli (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2000) in L’Indice (February 2001): 17–18.
E. P. Thompson, “Folklore, Anthropology and Social History,” The Indian Historical Review, no. 2 (1978): 415.
Giaime Pintor, Doppio Diario 1936–1943, ed. Mirella Serri, intro. by Luigi Pintor ( Turin: Einaudi, 1978 ).
Andrea Caffi, Critica della violenza ( Milan: Edizioni Bompiani, 1966 ), 77–104.
Carlo Mazzantini, A cercar la bella morte (Milan: Mondadori, 1986), 52, 97.
Gerhard Schreiber, Deutsche Kriegsverbrechen in Italien (Munich: Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2000), trans. Marina Buttarelli as La vendetta tedesca 1943–1945. Le rappresaglie naziste in Italia (Milan: Mondadori, 2000), 4. Schreiber has estimated 6,800 soldiers massacred in September-October 1943 in the Balkans, Greece, and the Aegean; 22,720 Partisans “killed—often flouting international rules”; and 9,180 civilians wiped out (ibid., 8ff.).
Jens Petersen, “Die Organisation der deutschen Propaganda in Italien 1939–1943,” Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken no. 70 (1990): 515.
Andrae, Auch gegen Frauen und Kinder 197–98, 199. See also K. Mehner, ed., Die Geheimen Tagesberichte der deutschen Wehrmachtführung im Zweiten WeltKrieg 1939–1945 (Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1985): vol. 10 (Berichtszeit 1.3 bis 31.8.1944) and vol. 11 (Berichtszeit 1.9 bis 31.12.1944).
See also G. Schreiber, “La linea Gotica nella strategia tedesca: obiettivi politici e compiti militari,” in Linea Gotica 1944. Eserciti, popolazioni, partigiani, ed. Giorgio Rochat and Paolo Sorcinelli (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1986), 27ff.
Andreas Hillgruber, La distruzione dell’Europa (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1994), 55ff.
J. Friedrich, Das Gesetz der Krieges, Das Deutsche Heer in Russland 1941–1945. Der Prozess gegen das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (München-Zürich: 1993), 15ff.;
Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front 1941–1945: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985 );
G. R. überschar, W. Wette, Der deutsche überfall auf die Sowjet-Union “Unternehmen Barbarossa” 1941 (Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenboch Verlag, 1991), 249ff.;
C. Streit, Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsanfangenen 1941–1945 ( Stuttgart: Klett-Lotta, 1978 ).
Geoffrey Best, “World War II and the Laws of War,” Review of International Studies, no. 7 (1981): 73.
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© 2007 Michele Battini
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Battini, M. (2007). Why the Maxi-Trial for War Criminals Was Never Held. In: Pugliese, S.G. (eds) The Missing Italian Nuremberg. Italian and Italian American Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230607453_4
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