Abstract
At 2:38 am, on January 17, 1991, the residents of Baghdad were woken by the launch of the first Gulf War. Initial sounds of dogs barking were superseded by bright lights and thundering shots from antiaircraft volleys that were eventually drowned out by the explosive sounds of smart bombs destroying Iraqi infrastructure sites. For an awestruck international audience watching events unfold on television screens in their homes, the live images of the first night of bombing over Baghdad were unprecedented. For the first time, moving images of war were transmitted instantaneously and simultaneously around the world to millions of viewers as events unfolded. According to one analyst, the Gulf War made other recent conflicts over Grenada and the Falklands, less than a decade before, look like nineteenth-century wars.1
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Notes
Philip Taylor, Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945 ( London: Rutledge, 1997 ), 119.
Frank Stech, “Winning CNN Wars,” Parameters 24, no. 3 (1994): 37.
Martin Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global Crisis ( London: St. Martin’s Press, 1993 ), 88.
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Piers Robinson, “The CNN Effect: Can the News Media Drive Foreign Policy?” Review of International Studies 25, no. 2 (1999): 301.
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See Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy ( London: Collins, 1990 )
See Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies ( New York: Free Press, 1995 ).
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Statistical Yearbook 1999 ( Paris: UNESCO, 1999 ).
David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt, and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economy and Culture ( Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999 ), 359.
Michael Dobbs, “Qatar TV Station a Clear Channel to Middle East,” The Washington Post, October 9, 2001, C1.
Pippa Norris, “News of the World,” in Politics and the Press, ed. Pippa Norris (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1997 ), 275.
Robert Entman, Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004 ), 6.
Amy E. Jasperson and Mansour O. El-Kikhai, “CNN and Al Jazeera’s Media Coverage of America’s War in Afghanistan,” in Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government and the Public, ed. Pippa Norris, Montague Kern, and Marion Just ( New York: Routledge, 2003 ), 113–132.
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© 2007 Babak Bahador, PhD
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Bahador, B. (2007). The CNN Effect. In: The CNN Effect in Action. Palgrave Macmillan Series in International Political Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230604223_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230604223_1
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