Abstract
A great deal of work has, by now, been published on the gothic (including the female gothic), but until recently relatively little of that has focused upon the role played by the contemporary ghost story as a way of exploring female subjectivity. From the start this task may appear an atavistic one. In one of his characteristically sweeping statements, Freud confidently asserted in 1919, “All supposedly educated people have ceased to believe officially that the dead can become visible as spirits”, but this is not to say that he advocates their redundancy as objects of phantasy. On the contrary, he acknowledges:
… the primitive fear of the dead is still so strong within us and always ready to come to the surface on any provocation … Considering our unchanged attitude towards death, we might rather inquire what has become of the repression, which is the necessary condition of a primitive feeling recurring in the shape of something uncanny.2
As is well known, what Freud goes on to argue in his essay is that the mother’s body is the ultimate taboo which deflects us away from a recurrent confrontation with the dead, the mother’s genitals forming the all-pervasive embodiment of the uncanny: “what was once heimisch, familiar; the prefix ‘un’ [‘un-’] is the token of repression”. Though the origins of life, for Freud the castration complex reconfigures the mother’s body as the space of death to the phallus and hence death in general.3 Freud’s analysand/protagonist in this essay is presumed to be male. What happens in the context of fiction when both protagonists (the alive and the dead) are female?
It was not I that answered, I was not there at all. I was following a phantom in my mind, whose shadowy form had taken shape at last. Her features were blurred, her colouring indistinct, the setting of her eyes and the texture of her hair was still uncertain, still to be revealed.1
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Notes
Daphne du Maurier, Rebecca (London: Arrow Books, 1992), 47. Subsequent quotations are referenced within the main body of the text, accompanied by the abbreviation R.
Freud, “The ‘Uncanny’”, Art and Literature, Penguin Freud Library, Vol. 14, ed. Albert Dickson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), 365.
Jenni Dyman, Lurking Feminism: The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton (New York: Peter Lang, 1996), 5.
Luce Irigaray, “This Sex Which Is Not One”, in This Sex Which Is Not One, trans. Catherine Porter and Carolyn Burke (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), 23–33.
Terry Castle, The Apparitional Lesbian: Female Homosexuality and Modern Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 2.
Eve Sedgewick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985). See also Luce Irigaray, “Women on the Market” and “Commodities Among Themselves” in This Sex Which Is Not One; 170–91 and 192–7.
Margaret Atwood, The Robber Bride (London: Virago, 1994), 201. Subsequent quotations are referenced within the main body of the text, accompanied by the abbreviation RB.
Jeanette Winterson, Written on the Body (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), 89. Subsequent quotations are referenced within the main body of the text, accompanied by the abbreviation WB.
Paul Gilroy, “Living Memory: A Meeting with Toni Morrison”, in Carl Plasa (ed.), Toni Morrison: Beloved (Cambridge, Icon Books, 1998), 37–8.
Linda Hutcheon, The Politics of Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1989), 81–2; cited in Plasa (ed.), Toni Morrison 41.
Plasa, Toni Morrison, 58; citing Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, “Narration, Doubt, Retrieval: Toni Morrison’s Beloved”, Narrative 4 (1996), 109–23.
Linden Peach, Toni Morrison (London: Macmillan, 1995), 101.
Hélène Cixous, “The Laugh of the Medusa”, in Elaine Marks and Isabelle de Courtivron (eds), New French Feminisms: An Anthology (Brighton: Harvester, 1981), 250.
Lynne Pearce, Reading Dialogics (London: Edward Arnold, 1994), 193.
Plasa, Toni Morrison, 86; citing Hazel Carby, “The Multicultural Wars”, in Gina Dent (ed.), Black Popular Culture (Seattle: Bay Press, 1992), 193.
Hélène Cixous and Catherine Clément, The Newly Born Woman, trans. Betsy Wing (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), 94.
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© 2000 Lucie Armitt
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Armitt, L. (2000). Ghosts and (Narrative) Ghosting: Margaret Atwood, Jeanette Winterson and Toni Morrison. In: Contemporary Women’s Fiction and the Fantastic. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230598997_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230598997_5
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