Abstract
Although they are a large majority within the mountainous Middle East where Turkey Iran, Iraq and Syria meet, the Kurds have been gerrymandered into being mere minorities within the existing states they inhabit. Thus, the approximately 25–28 million Kurds constitute the largest nation in the world without its own state. The desire of many Kurds for statehood or at least cultural autonomy within the states they now inhabit and the refusal of these states to grant such demands for fear they would lead to their own breakup have resulted in an almost continuous series of Kurdish revolts since the creation of the modern Middle East following World War I and constitute the Kurdish problem.1
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Notes
Possibly the two best recent studies of the Kurds in English are Martin van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan (London: Zed, 1992)
David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (London: LB. Tauris, 1996).
Mehrdad Izady, The Kurds: A Concise Handbook (Washington: Crane Russak, 1992)
Gerard Chaliand, ed., People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (New York: Olive Branch Press, 1993)
Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, eds. The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992)
Nader Entessar, Kurdish Ethnonationalism (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992).
Lokman I. Meho, compiler.. The Kurds and Kurdistan: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997)
Lokman I. Meho and Kelly L. Maglaughlin, compilers, Kurdish Culture and Society: An Annotated Bibliography (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001).
For further discussions on the size of the Kurdish population, see McDowall, Modern History of the Kurds, pp. 3–5; Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State, pp. 14–15; and Izady, Kurds: Concise Handbook, pp. 111–20. For a detailed analysis that lists smaller figures, see Servet Mutlu, ‘Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 28 (November 1996), pp. 517–41.
On the Kurdish language, see Amir Hassanpour, Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918–1985 (San Francisco, CA: Mellen Research University Press, 1992)
For a solid study of the Sheikh Said revolt, see Robert Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion 1880–1925 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989).
For detailed analyses of the Kurdish problem in Turkey, see Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller, Turkey’s Kurdish Question (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998)
Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds and the Future of Turkey (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997)
Kemal Kirisci and Gareth M. Winrow, The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997)
Paul White, Primitive Rebels or Revolutionary Modernizers? The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey (London: Zed Books, 2001).
For a meticulous analysis of the many problems involved, see Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights (London: Pluto Press, 2005)
For detailed analyses of the Kurdish problem in Iraq, see Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Iraq: The Past, Present and Future (London: Pluto Press, 2004)
Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political Analysis (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999)
Gareth Stansfield, Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003).
Edmund Ghareeb, The Kurdish Question in Iraq (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981).
C. J. Edmonds, Kurds, Turks and Arabs: Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919–1925 (London: Oxford University Press, 1957)
Edgar O’Ballance, The Kurdish Revolt, 1961–1970 (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1973)
Sa’ad Jawad, Iraq and the Kurdish Question, 1958–1970 (London: Ithaca, 1981)
Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds of Iraq: Tragedy and Hope (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1992)
Peter W. Galbraith, ‘What Went Wrong’, in Brendan O’Leary, John McGarry and Khaled Salih, eds. The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), p. 242.
Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, The Kurdish Question and the 2003 Iraqi War (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2005)
For further analysis, see M. Hakan Yavuz, ‘Provincial not Ethnic Federalism in Iraq’, Middle East Policy, 11 (Spring 2004), 1: 126–31.
Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield, The Future of Iraq: Dictatorship, Democracy or Division? (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 10.
For further background on the Kurds in Iran, see Farideh Koohi-Kamali, The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran: Pastoral Nationalism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)
On the Mahabad Republic of Kurdistan, see William Eagleton, Jr, The Kurdish Republic of 1946 (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
Archie Roosevelt, Jr, ‘The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad’, Middle East Journal 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–69
For further background on the Kurds in Syria, see Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Syria: The Forgotten People (London: Pluto, 2005)
Ismet Sheriff Vanly, ‘The Oppression of the Kurdish People in Syria’, in Mohammed M.A. Ahmed and Michael M. Gunter, eds, Kurdish Exodus: From Internal Displacement to Diaspora (Sharon, MA: Ahmed Foundation for Kurdish Studies, 2002), pp. 49–61
David McDowall, The Kurds of Syria (London: Kurdish Human Rights Project, 1998).
The following information was largely taken from Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman, Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel’s Intelligence Community (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), pp. 21
Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars: A History of Israel’s Intelligence Services (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991), pp. 184–5
Andrew Cockburn and Leslie Cockburn, Dangerous Liaison: The Inside Story of the US-Israeli Covert Relationship (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), pp. 104–5.
See Mustafa Kibaroglu, ‘Clash of Interest over Northern Iraq Drives Turkish-Israeli Alliance to a Crossroads’, Middle East Journal 59 (Spring 2005), 2: 246–64.
For background, see Seymour Hersh, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), pp. 351–60
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© 2006 Michael M. Gunter
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Gunter, M.M. (2006). The Kurdish Problem in International Politics. In: Joseph, J.S. (eds) Turkey and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230598584_6
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