Abstract
Astonishingly, the pueri were remembered—and not just for a short stretch of time, but over la longue durée from the thirteenth century to the twenty-first. The usual route for preserving the memory of medieval revivals was through commemorative rituals—saints’ days, shrine dedications, processions, and gatherings of a religious and social nature. Typically, these were presided over by confraternities whose foundations stemmed from a particular revival. Sharing its original religious impulses, these institutions were effectively dedicated to its memory. But the Children’s Crusade left no confraternal institutions behind it. For it, there would be no institutional vehicles of collective remembrance. So memories of the Children’s Crusade had to travel by other means.
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Notes
See Hans Eberhard Mayer’s classic bibliography of crusade historiography, Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (Hahnsche Buchhandlung: Hanover, 1960).
See Christine Knowles, “Jean de Vignay,”, Dictionnaire des Lettres Françaises: le Moyen Age (Fayard: Paris, 1964), pp. 431–3.
Note B.L. Ullman, “A Project for a New Edition of Vincent of Beauvais,” Speculum, Vol. 8 (1933), pp. 312–26, here at p. 323.
C. Hegel (ed.), Die Chroniken der oberrheinishcen Städte: Strassburg (Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte, 8), Vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1875), p. 101. I owe the translation to Malcolm Burnett. Closener refers to the enthusiasm of 1212 at a point in his Strasbourg chronicle where he was drawing from the Ellenhard annals, which had also been compiled in Strasbourg. In Latin, under the year 1211, the Ellenhard annals record the “journey (or crusade) of the foolish pueri”: Annales Ellenhardi (to 1297) (ed. P. Jaffé), MGH. SS. Vol. 17, pp. 101–4.
Practica Inquisitionis Heretice Pravitatis, for which, see G. Mollat (ed.), Bernard Gui, Manuel de l’Inquisiteur, 2 Vols. (Champion: Paris, 1926).
See Bernard Guenée, Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages (trans. Arthur Goldhammer) (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1991), cap. 1, pp. 37–70.
Note also Antoine Thomas, “Bernard Gui, frère prècheur,” Histoire littéraire de la France, Vol. 35 (Paris, 1921), pp. 139–232.
Vita Innocentii Papae III in L.A. Muratori (ed.), Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, Vol. III (Milan, 1723), p. 482.
Anonymi Leobiensis Chronicon (to 1343) (ed. H. Pez), Scriptores Rerum Austriacarum, Vol. 1 (J.P. Krauss: Vienna, 1743), col. 802.
See Augustus Potthast, Repertorium Fontium Historiae Medii Aevii, Fontes, Vol. 2 (Rome, 1967), pp. 360–1.
Note Alphons Lhotsky, Quellenkunde zu Mittelalterlichen Geschichte Oesterreichs (Mitteilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichische Geschichtsforshung, ergb., 19) (Hermann Böhlaus, Graz-Cologne, 1963), p. 301ff.; Idem., Oesterreichische Historiographie (Verlag R. Oldenbourg: Munich, 1962), p. 32.
Cf. Anonymi Chronicon Austriacum (to 1327) (ed. Adrianus Rauch), Rerum Austriacarum Scriptores, Vol. 2 (Vienna, 1793), p. 231.
See Donald E.R. Watt, “Abbot Walter Bower of Inchcolm and his Scotichronicon,” Records of the Scottish Church History Society, Vol. 24, part 3 (1992), pp. 286–304. I owe this reference to Professor Geoffrey Barrow. The complete publication of the Scotichronicon must count amongst Scottish historiography’s “great historical enterprises.”
John of Fordun’s Chronica Gentis Scotorum (ed. W.F. Skene) 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1871–72); supplementary notes on Scottish history bring it up to Fordun’s own day (c. 1380s).
Cf. Alan MacQuarrie, Scotland and the Crusades, 1095–1560 (John Donald Publishers Ltd.: Edinburgh, 1985), pp. 100–1, 132–3.
See Paul Rousset, Histoire d’une idéologie: la croisade (L’Age d’Homme: Lausanne, 1983), pp. 120–4.
Other fifteenth-century chroniclers reiterated opinions which had long been conventional. For example, the Dominican archbishop of Florence, St. Antoninus (d. 1459), except for adding Brindisi and Genoa to the list of reported destinations of the pueri, virtually reproduces the text of Vincent of Beauvais: Chronica Antonini (Lyons, 1543), tit. xix, cap. 2, sec. iv.
On Rolewinck, see Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 29 (Leipzig, 1899), pp. 72–3,
Hugo Wolffgram, “Neue Forshungen zu Werner Rolevincks Leben und Werken I,” Zeitschrift für vaterländische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Vol. 48 (1890), pp. 85–136; on the Fasciculus Temporum, pp. 114–36. I am grateful to Dr. Gadi Algazi for bibliography and essays on Rolewinck.
Werner Rolewink [sic], Fasciculus Temporum (to 1484) in Germanicorum Scriptorum (J. Pistorius, ed.), Vol. 2 (Hanover, 1613), p. 80.
A. Petrucci, “Accolti, Benedetto”, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 1 (Rome, 1960), pp. 99–101.
See Robert Black, Benedetto Accolti and the Florentine Renaissance (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985), especially pp. 224–6, 298ff.
Cf. Norman Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1992), pp. 106–9, 388–9.
Andreas Burckhardt, “Herold(t), Johannes,”, Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 8 (Berlin, 1968), p. 678.
William of Tyre, Belli sacri historia… [and] Johannes Herold, De bello sacro continuate (both edited by P. Poyssenoti) (N. Brylingerum and I. Oporinum: Basle, 1549?). 1549 is the date of Herold’s preface. It is not known whether both books were published at the same time, or later bound together to form a single volume, as they are in the copy held by Edinburgh University Library’s Special Collections.
S. Menchi, “Bizzarri, Pietro,”, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 10 (Rome, 1968), pp. 738–41.
Note also Eric Cochrane, Historians and Historiography in the Italian Renaissance (University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1981), pp. 244–5, 549.
The full title of Bizzarri’s work is Senatus Populique Genuensis Rerum Domi Forisque Gestarum Historiae atque Annales (Antwerp, 1579).
S.C. Roberts, Thomas Fuller: A Seventeenth Century Worthy (University of Manchester Press: Manchester, 1953), pp. 3–6.
James W. Thompson, A History of Historical Writing, Vol. 1 (Macmillan: New York, 1942), p. 634.
E.K. Broadus (ed.), Thomas Fuller, Selections with Essays by Charles Lamb, Leslie Stephen, etc. (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1928), pp. ix–xi, 10–12, 13ff.
Cf. Walter E. Houghton, Jr., The Formation of Thomas Fuller’s “Holy and Profane States” (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1938), pp. 3–9.
See Aziz S. Atiya, The Crusade: Historiography and Bibliography (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1962), p. 31.
See James A. Brundage (ed.), The Crusades: Motives and Achievements (D.C. Heath & Co.: Boston, 1964), pp. 1–3.
Thomas Fuller, The Historie of the Holy Warre, 3rd edn. (R. Daniel: Cambridge, 1647), pp. 151–2. Cf. Table, book iii, cap. 24.
Towards the beginning of that century Bongar’s important collection of crusading texts appeared, patriotically bearing the same title which Guibert of Nogent gave to his twelfth-century chronicle of the crusade, Gesta Dei per Francos (1611). Also adding lustre to the seventeenth century was the outstanding philological scholarship of Du Cange (d. 1688), which he displayed in his editions of the crusade historians Villehardouin and Joinville, and in his indispensable dictionary of medieval Latin. Seventeenth-century French medievalism had strong literary as well as scholarly aspects to it. See Nathan Edelman, Seventeenth-Century Attitudes of France towards the Middle Ages (King’s Crown Press: New York, 1946).
Ibid., pp. 64, 86. J.-E. Fidao-Justiniani, Qu’est-ce qu’un classique? (Firmin-Didot: Paris, 1930), pp. 11–13.
On the young Leibniz and the papacy, see History of the Church (Hubert Jedin and John Dolan, eds.), the Church in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, Vol. 6 (W. Müller) (trans. G.J. Holst) (Burns & Oates: London, 1981), pp. 122–3.
On Gallicanism and Maimbourg, Jedin and Dolan, History of the Church, p. 119. See also N.A. Weber, “Maimbourg, Louis,” in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 9 (London, 1910), p. 540.
Eduard Fueter, Histoire de l’historiographie moderne (trans. E. Jeanmaire) (Paris, 1914), p. 332.
Jefferson owned the four-volume edition of 1682: Hans Eberhard Mayer, “America and the Crusades,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 125 (February 1981), p. 38. Seven years earlier, in 1675, the two-volume edition had been published. Further editions and translations into Dutch, Italian, and English (1685) followed.
Louis Maimbourg, Histoire des croisades pour la delivrance de la Terre Sainte, 3rd edn., Vol. 3 (Paris, 1680), pp. 288–91.
In general, see Lionel Gossman, Medievalism and the Ideologies of the Enlightenment: The World and Work of La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1968). The great Italian scholar Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750) referred to the Children’s Crusade in his Annali d’Italia (Milan, 1744–49). He did so because the enthusiasm came to Genoa, whose chronicle he used. “Pious enthusiasm” prompted this “novelty” to leave Germany: Vol. 10, 2nd edn. (Milan, 1753), p. 252.
On Voltaire as a historian and medievalist, see J.H. Brumfitt, Voltaire Historian (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1958).
Furio Diaz, Voltaire Storico (Einaudi: n.p., 1958).
Ludovico Gatto, Medioevo Voltairiano (Bulzoni editore: Rome, 1972).
The Abbé Claude Fleury (1640–1723) wrote an influential twenty-volume Histoire ecclésiastique, published between 1691 and 1737. In it he summarizes the Children’s Crusade, based on two German chronicles: Vol. 16 (Paris, 1728), p. 323. On Voltaire and Fleury, see Larissa Albina, “Voltaire et ses sources historiques”, Dix-Huitième Siècle, Vol. 13 (1981), pp. 349–59, here at pp. 350–1.
Voltaire, Le Micromégas avec une histoire des croisades (London, 1752), p. 103.
Cf. Susie I. Tucker, Enthusiasm. A Study in Semantic Change (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1972), cap. 11, pp. 144–61 on metaphors of enthusiasm, including heat, disease, madness, etc. What is strange—and amusing—is that, when, in a later publication, Voltaire uses the word “crusade” figuratively, he uses it to combat a disease—“a crusade against the pox!” See L’Homme aux quarante écus (c. 1767–68) in his Oeuvres Complètes/Complete Works, Vol. 66 (The Voltaire Foundation: Oxford, 1999), p. 385. (Again, I am indebted to Professor Renwick.) Voltaire’s positive metaphorical usage of “crusade” may lie behind Thomas Jefferson’s “crusade against ignorance,” for a complete set of Voltaire’s works was lodged in Jefferson’s library (Mayer, “America and the Crusades,” p. 38). But the claim to the earliest metaphorical use of “crusade” may belong to J.G. Hamann’s Die Kreuzzüge des Philologen (1762): Rousset, Histoire d’une idéologie, p. 208.
D. Diderot and D’Alembert, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers, Vol. 4 (Paris, 1754), “Croisades” pp. 502–5, here at p. 504.
See Richard N. Schwab, “Inventory of Diderot’s Encyclopèdie, II”, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, Vol. 83 (1971), “Croisades,” p. 302. Once more, my gratitude to John Renwick.
Claude F.X. Millot, Élémens de l’historie de France, Vol. 1, 10th edn. (Paris, 1817), p. 300.
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© 2008 Gary Dickson
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Dickson, G. (2008). Memory: The Echo of the Centuries—Fourteenth to Eighteenth. In: The Children’s Crusade. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230592988_8
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